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新浪首页 > 新浪教育 > 英语辅导报社专栏 > 教学参考:由 than 构成表示否定意义的结构

教学参考:由 than 构成表示否定意义的结构
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/04/28 13:02  英语辅导报

  英语中常以比较级的形式表示否定意义,其中由than构成表示否定意义的结构是最重要的一种,本文就rather than, would rather... than, other than这三种结构作以简单分析和探讨。

  I. rather than

  根据传统语法观念,rather than只能用作连词,即用复合并列连词或复合从属连词。随着语言的不断发展,在现代英语中,它越来越多地具有介词的功能。不管其在句中充当连词还是介词的作用,rather than后面的部分都是以肯定的形式表示否定的意义,常译为"而不是"、"宁可……也不……"或"与其说……不如说……"。下面从三个方面加以分述:

  (I)rather than用作复合并列连词表示否定意义,它就像简单的并列连词and, but, or等一样可连接句中的单词、短语或分句,组成并列结构。

  1. rather than连接两个对等成分时,前后用平衡结构。如:它连接两个名词(A),两个谓语动词(B),两个形容词(C),两个代词(D),两个现在分词、过去分词或动名词(E),两个动词不定式(F),两个介词短语(G),两个从句(H)。例如:

  (A)He is a teacher rather than a student.他是教师,而不是学生。

  I prefer chemistry rather than physics.我更喜欢化学,而不是物理。

  (B)He felt rather than saw.他感觉到了,而不是看到的。(与其说他看到了,不如说是感觉到了。)

  She telephoned rather than wrote.她打了电话,而不是写信。

  (C)This is blue rather than green.这是蓝色,并非绿色。

  (D)I prefer that rather than this.我更喜欢那个,而不是这个。

  I, rather than you, should be doing the work.该做这项工作的是我,而不是你。

  (E)He was enaged in writing a composition rather than reading the newspaper.他那时在写作文,而不是在看报。

  She insisted on having the bedroom papered rather than painted.她坚持用纸裱糊卧室,而不是用漆来漆。

  (F)He wanted to sunbathe rather than(to) swim.他宁愿晒日光浴,也不去游泳。

  Joe prefers to skate rather than ski.乔更喜欢滑冰,而不喜欢滑雪。

  Helen prefers to go by train rather than fly.海伦宁愿坐火车去而不愿乘飞机去。

  说明: rather than后的动词不定式有带to和不带to两种情况,一般是提出另一行动或做法与前者作对比时,后接的动词不定式一般不带to;与prefer连用时,rather than后的不定式是以不带to的现象为多。

  (G)I'd prefer to go in August rather than in July.我宁愿八月份去,而不是七月份去。

  He depended on flashes of insight rather than on any carefully-organized ana-lysis.他依靠瞬间的顿悟,而不是事先认真组织好的分析。

  (H)It was what he meant rather than what he said.这是他心中所指的,而不是他口中所说的。

  2. rather than除了连接两个对等成分外,还可连接两个不对等成分,也就是说其前后结构不平衡。例如:

  ①Those principles work together, rather than against one another. (前:副词,后:介词短语)那些条件相互作用,而不是互相排斥。

  ②Let's finish the job today, rather than leaving it till tomorrow. (前:不定式,后:分词)我们把这项工作今天做完,而不是拖到明天。

  (II)rather than用作复合从属连词来引导选择状语或状语从句,rather than的状语或状语从句也是以肯定形式来表示否定的意义,可译为"而不是"或"宁可……,也不……"。这时,rather than引出不带主语的不定式短语作状语(A),接带主语的不定式短语作状语(B),引导状语从句(C)。例如:

  (A)Rather than leave the village, they decided to settle there forever.他们决定永远住在这个村子里,而不是离开。

  Rather than go by air, I'd take the slowest train.我将乘最慢的火车去,而不乘飞机去。

  (B)Rather than asking my brother, I'd prefer to do the job myself.我更喜欢自己来做这项工作,而不喜欢让我哥哥做。

  (C)Rather than that should happen, he would give up his job.他宁愿放弃自己的职业,也不愿让那事发生。

  (III)rather than用作复合介词,其意义相当于instead of, in preference to。在形式上,它像其它介词一样,可跟名词、代词或动名词,同样是以肯定形式表示否定的意义。rather than既可置于句首,也可置于句中。例如:

  Rather than a new colour television, he bought a computer.他买了一台电脑,而没买新彩电。

  Rather than buying them in the shop, she has always preferred making her own clothes.她总喜欢自己做衣服,而不喜欢在商店里买。

  It ought to have been you rather than me that signed the account note.签这个收款清淡的该是你,而不是我。

  II. would rather...than

  在would rather...than这一结构中,would rather后常接不带to的不定式,than后面常省略与前面相同的动词。这种结构表示主语的心愿,强调经过选择后决定做其中一件事,而不做另一件事,因此后半句是以肯定的形式表示否定的意思,相当于汉语的"宁愿……,也不……"、"与其……,不如……"、"不……毋宁……"。例如:

  ①He would rather live in the country than in the city.他宁愿住在乡下,不愿住在市里。

  ②We would rather have less pay and shorter hours than have better pay and longer hours.我们宁可薪水少而工作时间短,也不愿薪水高工作时间长。

  ③They would rather die as heroes than live as slaves.他们宁愿死为英雄,而不愿活为奴隶。

  ④I would rather you come tomorrow than today.我宁愿你明天来,不愿你今天来。

  把would rather...than...写成would...rather than...其意思不变,有时为了表示强调,rather than还可置于句首。例如:

  ①He said he would be poor rather than get money in such a dishonest way.他说他宁愿穷也不愿用这种不诚实的方式获得钱财。

  ②Rather than refuse to help you, I would borrow money from the the bank.我宁愿向银行借钱也不愿拒绝帮助你。

  另外,would rather...than...有would sooner...than...,had rather(sooner)...than, prefer...rather than...的几种变体。例如:

  ①I would sooner die than live in dishonour.如其屈辱而生,不如光荣而死。

  ②She had rather(sooner) work than play.她宁愿干活也不愿意玩。

  III. other than

  在英语中,other than也是用肯定形式表示否定意思,也就是说,other than后半句是表示否定意思。other than一般不拆开使用,它对句子的否定可分为两种情况:

  (I)直接否定

  other than表示直接否定时,其含义是"不同于"、"非"。既可用作介词,也可用作连词。例如:

  1. other than用作介词表示否定,其后可以加上名词、代词、动名词等。例如:

  ①I borrow some DVDs other than pop music.我借了几张光碟,都不是流行音乐。

  ②Her tastes are quite other than mine.她的口味和我的全然不同。

  ③They are patriotic and support socialism although many of them come from other than working-class families.

  他们是爱国的,是拥护社会主义的,尽管他们当中许多人出身于非工人阶级家庭。

  2. other than用作连词表示否定,其后可连接动词、形容词、副词和句子。例如:

  ①Have you ever known her to be other than kind and considerate?你可曾知道她何时并非心地善良、考虑周到?

  ②The truth is quite other than what you think.事实跟你所想的完全不同。

  ③With the bottle standing there on the table when he came in I coudn't do other than offer him a drink. (couldn't do和other than是双重否定表示肯定)他进门时酒瓶正放在桌上,我只好请他喝杯酒。(即我不得不请他喝酒)

  (II)排除否定

  other than后面的部分可以表排除否定,就是说它用在肯定句中,将其后所带的部分排除在肯定之外,成为否定。常译为汉语的"除了……"、"除……以外"。other than可以连接名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和从句。例如:

  ①He has visited every country in

  Asia other than Japan.除日本外,他访问了亚洲所有的国家。

  ②There is nobody here other than me.除我外,这儿没有其他人。

  ③Is anyone other than yourself coming?除了你,还有其他人要来吗?

  ④She can hardly be other than grateful.她对此几乎是感激。

  ⑤I could not feel other than surprised.我只是感到惊讶。

  说明:形容词是谓语的一部分,这时other than常与否定词连用,从而共同表示"只能"、"只是"等肯定意义。

  ⑥He didn't examine it other than carefully.他只是随便地检查一下。

  ⑦I cannot read the long article other than cursorilly.这篇长文章我只能草草地读一下。

  ⑧I could not do other (otherwise) than laugh.我不能不笑。

  ⑨I cannot be other than I am.我只能是我自己。

  因为other than有排除否定的意义,所以其前再加上一个否定词,就构成否定之否定,表示肯定意义。那么,no other than, none other than, nothing other than等构成的双重否定,整个句子意思就变成肯定,意为"只能是"、"只是"、"正是"等。但other than的后面部分还是以肯定形式表示否定意义。

  (文/汪玉美;英语辅导报初中教师版03~04学年第33~34期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)




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