动词be本来就具有许多功能，而将其放入现在完成时态，让它以have been的形式登场，就更加令人捉摸不透了。为了探明have been的诡秘所在，请注意它的三种关联。

　　I. 关联处所

　　1.have been to (a place)“曾去过某地”。可视作瞬间性动词reach, arrive, get的转换。如：

　　We have already been to the Great Wall twice.我已经去过两次长城了。

　　Have you just been to the room? 你刚才去房间了吗？

　　2. have been in/at (a place)“呆在某地”。含“逗留”之意，可用作瞬间性动词come, go等的变形。如：

　　I've been in this city for several years.我已经在这个城市呆好几年了。

　　3.have been away (from a place)“离开某地”。be away在这里可替代leave等瞬间性动词。如：

　　Jim has been away from Yichang for about three years.吉姆离开宜昌已经有大约三年的光景了。

　　II. 关联团体

　　1. have been in (a unit)“加入某组织”。可当作瞬间性动词join的转换。如：

　　Her brother has been in the army for five years. 她的哥哥已经参军五年了。

　　2. have been (a member of)“成为一名……”。可作become的“替身”，后接表示主语的身份或职业名称的名词。如：

　　How long has she been a teacher? 她当老师几年了？

　　III. 关联状态

　　1.have been + adj.“呈现某种状态”。如：

　　The factory has been open for more than ten years.这家工厂开业十多年了。

　　Her mother has been ill since last Friday.她妈妈从上周五就有病了。

　　2. have been+like ...“像……一样”。如：

　　He's been like this ever since this morning.从今天早晨开始他就这样了。

　　(文/王兆刚；英语辅导报初三版04—05学年度第7期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)