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实战演练 Passage 66-70

http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/12/15 14:29 新浪教育

　　Passage 66

　　Children start out as natural scientists, eager to look into the world around them. Helping them enjoy science can be easy; there’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment. You only have to share your children’s curiosity (好奇). Firstly, listen to their questions. I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a job. The children asked me “textbook questions” about schooling, salary(薪水)and whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing one another in silence. Finally I said, “Now that we’re finished with your lists, do you have questions of your own about science?”

　　After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, “Have you ever seen a grasshopper (蚱蜢) eat? When I try eating leaves like that, I get a stomachache. Why?”

　　This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours. 

　　Secondly, give them time to think. Studies over the past 30 years have shown that, after asking a question, adults typically wait only one second or less for an answer, no time for a child to think. When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children give more logical (符合逻辑的), complete and creative answers.

　　Thirdly, watch your language. Once you have a child involved in a science discussion, don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very good”. These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior (行为). But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going by saying, “That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it that way before”, or coming up with more questions or ideas.

　　Never push a child to “Think”. It doesn’t make sense, children are always thinking, without your telling them to. What’s more, this can turn a conversation into a performance. The child will try to find the answer you want, in as few words as possible, so that he will be a smaller target (目标) for your disagreement.

　　Lastly, show; don’t tell. Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can learn from a book or a television program. Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass (放大镜), and they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner. Rather than saying that water evaporates (蒸发), set a pot of water to boil and let them watch the water level drop.

　　1. According to the passage, children are natural scientists, and to raise their interest, the most important thing for adults to do is .

　　A. to let them see the world around

　　B. to share the children’s curiosity

　　C. to explain difficult phrases about science

　　D. to supply the children with lab equipment

　　2. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the word “lists” could best be replaced by .

　　A. any questions B. any problems 

　　C. questions from textbooks D. any number of questions

　　3. According to the passage, children can answer questions in a more logical, complete and creative way if adults .

　　A. ask them to answer quickly.

　　B. wait for one or two seconds after a question.

　　C. tell them to answer the next day.

　　D. wait at least for three seconds after a question.

　　4. In which of the following paragraph(s) does the author tell us what to say to encourage children in a science discussion?

　　A. The second and third. B. The fourth and fifth.

　　C. The fifth and sixth. D. The seventh.

　　答案与分析

　　通读全文，本文是说明文。全文说明了如何正确引导对科学有兴趣的孩子。

　　1. B 细节题。从“You only have to share your children’s curiosity”得此答案。

　　2. C 词义理解题。联系前文以及we’re finished with可以得此答案。

　　3. D 细节题。从“When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children give more logical (符合逻辑的), complete and creative answers”得此答案。

　　4. C 主旨大意题。第五段中的“Thirdly, watch your language. Once you have a child involved in a science discussion, don’t jump in with ‘That’s right’or ‘Very good’”作者告诉我们应该对孩子说的话，在第六段“Never push a child to ‘Think’”告诉我们不要强迫孩子去思考。

　　Passage 67

　　When did you last see a polar bear(北极熊)? On a trip to a zoo, perhaps? If you had attended a winter activity in New York a few years ago, you would have seen a whole polar bear club. These “Polar Bears” are people who meet frequently in the winter to swim in freezing cold water. That day, the air temperature was 3 degrees. And the water temperature was a little higher. The members of the Polar Bear Club at Coney Island, New York are usually about the age of 60. Members must satisfy two requirements.First, they must get along well with everyone else in the group; this is very important because there are so many different kinds of people in the club. Polar Bears must also agree to swim outdoors at least twice a month from November through February.

　　Doctors don’t agree about the medical effects of cold-water swimming. Some are worried about the dangers of a condition in which the body’s temperature drops so slow that finally the heart stops. Other doctors, however, point out that there is more danger of a heart attack during summer swimming because the difference between the air temperature and the water temperature is much greater in summer than in winter.

　　The Polar Bears themselves are satisfied with the benefits of cold-water swimming. They say that their favorite form of exercise is very good for the circulatory system (循环系统) because it forces the blood to move fast to keep the body warm.Cold-water swimmers usually turn bright red after a few minutes in the water. A person who turns blue probably has a very poor circulatory system and could not try cold-water swimming.

　　The main benefits of cold-water swimming are probably mental. The Polar Bears love to swim all the year round; they find it fun and relaxing. As one 70-year-old woman says, “When I go into the water, I pour my troubles into the ocean and let them float away. ”

　　1. Doctors _______.

　　A. have different ideas about the medical effects of cold-water swimming

　　B. believe swimming is helpful both in summer and in winter

　　C. encourage people to take part in cold-water swimming

　　D. point out the possible danger of blood illness during cold-water swimming

　　2. According to the passage, some doctors believe it is true that _______.

　　A. Polar Bears are bears swimming in freezing water

　　B. cold-water swimming can make the body temperature dangerously high

　　C. you are healthy if cold-water swimming turns your skin color blue

　　D. cold-water swimming causes more heart attack in summer than in winter

　　3. The Polar Bears like to swim year-round, for _______.

　　A. it is an easy way to keep the body warm in winter

　　B. they can stay young

　　C. they find it enjoyable and interesting

　　D. they might meet fewer troubles in life

　　4. This passage is mainly about _______.

　　A. the requirements of the Polar Bear Club

　　B. a group of cold-water-swimming lovers

　　C. the Polar Bears’ life in New York

　　D. doctors’ ideas about cold-water swimming

　　答案与分析

　　通读全文，本文是记叙文。全文记叙了一批冬泳的老年人。

　　1. A 细节题。从倒数第三段可以得此答案。

　　2. .D 细节理解题。从“Other doctors, however, point out that there is more danger of a heart attack during summer swimming because the difference between the air temperature and the water temperature is much greater in summer than in winter”得此答案。

　　3. C 细节理解题。从“The main benefits of cold-water swimming are probably mental”得此答案。

　　4. B 主旨大意题。从第二段“Doctors don’t agree about the medical effects of cold-water swimming”一直到最后文章描述医学专家对此事的看法以及建议。

　　Passage 68

　　Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated unfairly? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask a boy(girl)for a date？

　　Many people are afraid to assert themselves(insist upon their own rights. Dr Robert Alberty, author of “Stand Up, Speak Out, and Talk Back”, thinks it’s because their self-esteem(自尊)is low. “Our whole set-up makes people doubt themselves,” says Alberity. “There’s always a ‘superior’ around — a parent, a teacher, a boss — who ‘knows better’. These ‘superiors’ gain when they destroy your self-esteem.”

　　But Alberty and other scientists are doing something to help people to assert themselves. They offer “assertiveness training” courses(AT). In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be aggressive(敢闯，闯劲儿)without hurting other people.

　　In one way, learning to speak out is to overcome fear. A group taking an AT course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But AT uses an even stronger motive — the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how he feels. AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.

　　1. In the passage, the writer talks about the problem that .

　　A. some people are too easy-going

　　B. some people are too timid

　　C. there are too many superiors around us

　　D. some people dare not stick up for their own rights

　　2. The effect of our set-up on people is often to .

　　A. make them distrust their own judgment

　　B. make things more favorable for them

　　C. keep them from speaking out as much as their superiors do

　　D. help them to learn to speak up for their rights

　　3. One thing AT doesn’t do is to .

　　A. use the need of people to share

　　B. show people they have the right to be themselves

　　C. help people to be aggressive at anytime even when others suffer

　　D. help people overcome fear

　　答案与分析

　　通读全文，本文是说明文。全文介绍了Robert Alberty的一本引导人们解除自卑，大胆争取自己权利的书。

　　1. D 细节题。从第一段得此答案。

　　2. A 细节理解题。从“Our whole set-up makes people doubt themselves”得此答案。

　　3. C 细节理解题。从“They learn to be aggressive(敢闯，闯劲儿)without hurting other people”得此答案。

　　Passage 69

　　The common cold is the world’s most widespread illness, which is plagues(疫病)that flesh receives.

　　The most widespread fallacy(谬误)of all is that colds caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses(病毒)passing on from person to person. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. It cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.

　　During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches(战壕), cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch colds.

　　In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp(奥斯维辛集中营),naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.

　　At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.

　　If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains—taking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.

　　No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors(止痛片)such as aspirin, but all they do is to relieve the symptoms(症状).

　　1. The writer offered examples to support his argument.

　　A.4 B.5 C.6 D.3

　　2. Arctic explorers may catch colds when .

　　A. they are working in the isolated arctic regions

　　B. they are writing reports in terribly cold weather

　　C. they are free from work in the isolated arctic regions

　　D. they are coming into touch again with the outside world

　　3. Volunteers taking part in the experiments in the Common Cold Research Unit .

　　A. suffered a lot B. never caught colds

　　C. often caught colds D. became very strong

　　4. The passage mainly discusses .

　　A. the experiments on the common cold

　　B. the fallacy about the common cold

　　C. the reason and the way people catch colds

　　D. the continued spread of common colds

　　答案与分析

　　通读全文，本文通过事例论证了感冒是由病毒引起，而不是寒冷引起。

　　1. B 细节考查题。作者列举了5个例子来证明自己的观点。Eskimos; explorers in isolated Arctic regions; soldiers during the First World war; prisoners at the Auschuwitz concentration camp; volunteers in Experiments.

　　2. D 细节题。从“…explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside…”中可以知道，这些探险者是因为与外界接触而感冒的。

　　3. B 细节题。“Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose”得此答案。

　　4. B 主旨大意题。第二段的 “The most widespread fallacy(谬误)of all is that colds caused by cold. They are not”是本文的主旨句。全文阐述了“感冒不是由寒冷引起的”这一观点。

　　Passage 70

　　Most dog owners feel that their dogs are their best friends. Almost everyone likes dogs because they try hard to please their owners. One of my favorite stories is about a dog who wanted his owner to please him.

　　One of my friends has a large German shepherd ( 牧羊狗) named Jack. Every Sunday afternoon, my friend takes Jack for a walk in the park. Jack likes these long walks very much.

　　One Sunday afternoon, a young man came to visit my friend. He stayed a long time, and he talked and talked. Soon it was time for my friend to take Jack for his walk, but the visitor didn’t leave. Jack became very worried about his walk in the park. He walked around the room several times and then sat down directly in front of the visitor and looked at him. But the visitor paid no attention. He continued talking. Finally, Jack couldn’t stand it any longer. He went out of the room and came back a few minutes later. He sat down again in front of the visitor, but this time he held the man’s hat in his mouth.

　　German shepherds aren’t the only intelligent dogs. Another intelligent dog is a Seeing Eye dog. This is a special dog which helps blind people walk along the streets and do many other things. We call these dogs Seeing Eye dogs because they are the “eye” of the blind people and they help them to “see”. Seeing Eye dogs generally go to special schools for several years to learn to help blind people.

　　1. The writer tells the story about the dog Jack to show that____.

　　A. it, like many other dogs, always tried to please its owner master

　　B. it, unlike many other dogs, always wanted its master to please it

　　C. it was more intelligent than many other dogs

　　D. it was the most faithful dog of his friend’s

　　2. Jack came to sit in front of the visitor in order to____.

　　A. please him B. be pleased

　　C. ask him to leave immediately D. invite him for a walk

　　3. The sentence “Finally, Jack couldn’t stand it any longer.” Means___.

　　A. Jack could no longer put up with the visitor

　　B. Jack could no longer stand but he might sit down

　　C. Jack was very tired and wanted a rest

　　D. Jack was very angry with the visitor

　　4. Which of the following titles would be the best for the passage?

　　A. Dogs─A Great Help to People B. Dogs ─ Our Faithful Companions

　　C. An Introduction to Dogs D. Famous Dogs in Germany

　　答案与分析

　　通读全文，本文讲述了狗这种有智力动物的有趣表现及其对人类的特殊用途。

　　1. B 细节题。从第一段最后一句“One of my favorite stories is about a dog who wanted his owner to please him”得此答案。

　　2. C 推理题。从文中“He sat down again in front of the visitor, but this time he held the man’s hat in his mouth”我们可以推知，狗给他拿来帽子，是想催他走。

　　3. A 句意理解题。在这里stand和put up with都是“忍受；忍耐”的意思。

　　4. B A, C均具有较大干扰性。从讲的故事看，狗仅仅是与人为伴，并不能说对人类有巨大帮助；C的题目太大而广，不能说明本文的中心。

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