“阅读理解”是指阅读所给的文字材料，掌握它的主要内容并理解其含义。实际上，“阅读理解”是通过认识语言形式与结构而获取文字信息的过程。

　　阅读是英语学习的重要组成部分。阅读理解能力的高低直接影响着听、说、写等各方面能力的形成和发展。因此，各省、市都把阅读理解题作为中考英语必考的最重要的题型之一，并且越来越重视对阅读理解能力的考查：阅读量逐渐增多，知识面逐步拓宽，难度系数逐年加大。

　　(1)“阅读理解”的具体要求

　　《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲》对“读”的要求如下：①能预习课文，初步理解课文大意。②学会查词典，能借助词典阅读难度相当于课文的材料，并理解其大意。③能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料，生词率不超过3%。三年制和四年制的阅读速度分别是每分钟40-50和50-60个单词，理解正确率达到70%。

　　阅读能力强的标志不仅指阅读速度快，而且还要求理解率高。具体体现在如下几个方面：①掌握所读材料的大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。②既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念。③既能理解字面意思，也能理解深层含义(包括作者的态度、意图及倾向等)。④既能理解某一句话、某一段落的意义，也能理解全篇的逻辑关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。⑤既能根据材料所提供的信息解决问题，也能结合必备的常识(包括生活常识和相关的其他学科知识等)去理解和处理题目设置的疑难问题。

　　由于考试过程中不允许考生查字典，因此，要想解答好阅读理解题必须做到以下两点：①掌握相当的词汇量。词汇不过关，处处是难关。平常要多背诵一些基础词汇、词组、习惯短语等。教材中出现的重要句型也必须牢记。这样就能为顺利阅读提供强有力的保障。同时在记忆词汇时，要注意单词的词性及一词多义现象，这样对阅读中碰到的生词的推断会有一定的帮助。②加强“听、说、读、写、译”五项基本技能的训练，创造良好的语境。通过多听、多说、多读、多写、多译，逐步培养语感，提高综合运用语言知识的能力，为阅读能力的提高奠定坚实的基础。

　　(2)“阅读理解”的题型特点

　　“阅读理解”是集语法、词汇、逻辑推理、背景知识于一体，测试语言综合能力的题目。它主要用来考查学生综合运用英语语言知识的能力，不仅考查阅读速度，而且重点考查理解能力。

　　阅读理解题分为阅读材料(短文)和理解运用两部分，其命题形式主要有四种：①选择正确答案；②判断正误；③完成句子；④回答问题。为了便于阅卷，中考采用的命题形式以前两种为主。实际上，阅读理解题无论以哪种形式出现，都是一个问题的不同形式的反映，出发点都是针对短文具体内容理解程度的，即正确答案必须符合原文意思，符合语法规范，语句通顺，符合逻辑合情合理。

　　(3)“阅读理解”的考查内容

　　作为一种综合性很强的试题类型，“阅读理解”的考查内容有如下几个方面：

　　①考查短文的主旨和大意。包括对文章大意、主题的理解，对作者意图或文章中人物观点的理解，以及能从短文内容中推断出结论和作者的弦外之音等。

　　②考查短文的细节和事实。包括事实识别、有关数字方面的计算或识图、排列顺序等。

　　③考查短文中词语的意思或句子的含义。这些词句一般不只是体现其表层意义，而往往具有深层涵义。要求考生能利用阅读材料中的信息，结合上下文来判断其特定意义，或者根据句子的语法关系分析、挖掘其涵义。这就要求考生具备必要的语言知识、相关学科的常识及一定的分析和推断能力。

　　④考查拟选题目的能力。这是对考生概括能力的检测，难度稍大。因为短文标题的拟定不但取决于阅读材料的内容，而且还受标题特点的影响。一般地，英语短文标题的特点有：省略冠词、be动词或作定语用的人称代词，且多以短语或简单句出现。选择标题的一般原则是：一是要切题，即能概括出全文的主旨；二是要简洁，即文字要简单明了。

　　(4)“阅读理解”的题型设置

　　阅读理解是通过语篇对学生综合运用语言能力进行考查的题型。研究近几年的中考阅读理解试题，我们发现，阅读理解题的难度并不是很大，主要以确认短文的事实和细节为主。但是随着新课程标准的实施，对学生高层阅读能力方面的要求已有所增加。比如，在高考英语中常用的逻辑推理、词句理解和归纳全文主旨大意等难度较大的题目也逐渐纳入中考英语考查之列。

　　从考查形式上来看，“阅读理解”的题型主要分为两大类：客观试题和主观试题。

　　① 客观试题

　　客观试题一般包括选择题和正误判断题。题目的设计方式是：在短文、图文或图表材料后给出若干个不完整的句子，或者根据短文材料内容提出若干个问题，要求考生在正确理解材料的基础上，判断句子的正误或者从所给的四个备选项中选出一个正确答案。考虑到阅卷上的方便，中考阅读理解题大多以这种方式来命制的。例如：

　　I

　　A four-year-old girl is lying in the arms of a doctor. She has just lost her mother. Her pink clothes are full of blood and her eyes look at something only she can see.

　　Every day we see pictures like this on our televisions. We see Iraqi (伊拉克的) children begging for food and water from American and British soldiers as they move through towns and cities towards the capital, Baghdad (巴格达). We see these children following parents, carrying bags of almost the same size as their small bodies as they escape from their homes in Baghdad.

　　They show just some of the young lives that have been turned upside down by ongoing war and the terrible price paid by Iraqi children.

　　“Dad, why are the Americans fighting against us? Are we going to be killed?” asks the son f Abu Singar, an Iraqi engineer. Abu finds it hard to explain this war to his eight-year-old son.

　　He tries to make him feel safe by saying, “The bombs (炸弹) are far away from us. The Americans are fighting the soldiers. We’re going to be all right.” Even though Abu knows it isn’t always true, little else can be done. In Baghdad, parents give their children sleeping pills to try and let them escape from the sound of bombs. And all the schools are closed.

　　Now things are worse, and the ongoing war makes it impossible to count the number who are hungry, sick, hurt or even dead.

　　根据短文内容，选择正确答案。

　　1.What happens to the children in Iraq because of the war?

　　A. The children will get better than before.

　　B. The children beg for food and water from American and British soldiers.

　　C. The children in Iraq go away from their homes in Baghdad.

　　D. The children live a most terrible life.

　　2.What does the word “ongoing” mean in Chinese?

　　A. 正在进行的 B. 非正义的 C. 未授权的 D. 影响恶劣的

　　3.The father doesn’t tell the true thing to his child because ______.

　　A. he wants to make his child not feel dangerous

　　B. he and his child are afraid to lose each other in the war

　　C. he doesn’t want his child to believe American soldiers

　　D. he will lose his country and his home

　　4.The war in Iraq tells us that ________.

　　A. the Iraqi people in the war are much hungrier and worse

　　B. we should help the Iraqi people build their country again

　　C. nothing can be done except fighting

　　D. both A and B

　　5.What would be the best title (标题) for the report?

　　A. Iraqi children during the War

　　B. Sickness, Death in Iraq

　　C. America and England Fight against Iraq

　　D. A Girl in the War in Iraq

　　(选自2003年重庆市中考试题)

　　(Keys: 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A)

　　II

　　Here is a page from a magazine named Future. Read the following information about things that may happen in ten years. And then do the exercise below.

　　A.

　　Cars will run on solar power (太阳能) or electricity and will be much cleaner. They will be much safer. For example, if you are too close to another car or if you are driving dangerously, your car will slow down by itself.

　　B.

　　Because there won’t be any spare land, new cities will have to be built in the sea. Some cities on water will have two levels (层). People will live on the upper level; the lower level will be used for traffic, shops and factories.

　　C.

　　Biotechnology (生物技术) will make food better and healthier. Plants that are not affected (影响) by insects or illnesses will be developed. The taste of fruit and vegetables will be better and food will be kept longer.

　　D.

　　New technology will be used to make TVs that are only 5cm thick. They will have pictures that are as clear as photos. Electrical appliances (家用电器) will be quieter and will be controlled by computer. They will also use 50% less power.

　　E.

　　Many new ways to cure (治愈) illnesses will be successful using products of genetic engineering (基因产品). Cures will be found for the flu and the common cold. However, some new illnesses will appear.

　　判断下列句子是否符合短文内容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示。

　　1.Cars using solar power or electricity will cause fewer accidents and less pollution.

　　2.People will be able to live in the new cities in the sea.

　　3.Biotechnology will help divide food into two groups: better food and healthier food.

　　4.Electrical appliances will save 50% of power because they are controlled by computers.

　　5.Genetic engineering can help doctors to cure illnesses.

　　6.The information above is about the history of the development of modern science.

　　(选自2003年上海市中考试题)

　　(Keys: 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.F)

　　② 主观试题

　　在中考英语试卷中，主观试题出现得虽然不是很普遍，但它反映了英语新课程标准的精神。与客观试题相比，主观试题更能检测出学生的真实英语水平，不少省市开始对这种题型有所涉及，且有逐渐增加之势。

　　主观试题通常包括以下几种命题方式：

　　a. 填空题

　　所谓“填空题”，就是在短文或图文材料后，给出若干个句子或一段经过改写的短文或对话，并且在句子、短文或对话中留有若干空格，要求在每个空格中填入一个或几个单词，使句子、短文或对话所表达的意思与原来所给材料内容保持一致。例如：

　　I

　　Most people have jobs. They go to work nearly every day. Some people are lucky. Either they have very interesting jobs or they make a lot of money. Most people are not so lucky. Either their jobs are not very interesting or they don’t make much money.

　　The most interesting jobs are often the most difficult. People take a long time to learn how to do them. Doctors study for at least six years after finishing school.

　　Some young people have interesting and high-pay jobs. Many young players do their work successfully. Football and tennis stars are usually under 35 Years old. Older people usually cannot play these sports very well. They cannot move fast enough. Golf, however is a good sport for older people. Many golf players are quite old, but they can play it successfully.

　　Most people work until they are 60 or 65 years old. Then they retire (退休) and have a lot of free time. Some people never retire though. These people usually have very interesting jobs. Writers, artists, scientists and actors (演员) usually work until they die. Their work is their life.

　　根据短文内容，完成下列句子，每空一词。

　　1.Some ______ people have interesting or high-pay jobs, _____ most people don’t have such good luck.

　　2.Some jobs ______ a long time to learn because they are ______.

　　3.Young players can _____very fast, so many of them play these _____ like football and tennis very ______.

　　4.Golf is a good sport for ______ people.

　　5.Most people keep _____ until the age of 60 or 65. but writers, artists, scientists and actors can work all their _______.

　　(选自2003年吉林省中考试题)

　　(Keys: 1.lucky, while/but 2. take, difficult/hard 3.move/run, sports/games, well/successfully 4.old/older 5.working, lives)

　　II

　　School education is very important and useful. The students both learn knowledge and get an education. Yet, no one can learn everything from school. The scientists，such as Edison，Newton，Galileo and Einstein, didn’t learn everything from school. They learned a lot of knowledge outside school or in practice by themselves. A teacher, even he knows a lot, can’t teach his students everything.

　　The teacher’s job is to show his students how to learn, how to read and how to think. A good teacher with rich experience in teaching can teach his students the methods(= ways)of study. Through these methods the students are able to learn and get a lot of things by themselves.

　　Usually it is very easy for the students to remember some knowledge, but it is very difficult to use it for problems. If a teacher really shows the students the ability of how to use knowledge, it means the teacher has learned lots of knowledge by himself (or herself). The success in learning shows he or she knows how to study.

　　(A)根据短文内容选择最佳答案。

　　1.From this passage we know ________.

　　A. the students are taught everything at school

　　B. a teacher can't teach the students everything

　　C. school is really not important and useful

　　D. Edison learned lots of knowledge at school

　　2. A teacher's job is ________.

　　A. to help the students with their lessons

　　B. to teach the students everything

　　C. to show the students how to study by themselves

　　D. to tell them the way to study

　　3. Choose the right order of this passage.

　　a. How important are the study methods for students？

　　b. What does the teacher’s experience of success in study mean？

　　c. Where should the students study？

　　d. What is the job of a teacher？

　　A. c, a, b, d B. b, c, a, d C. c, b, d, a D. c, d, a, b

　　4. Which of the following is right？

　　A. If we know how to learn，we can get a lot of knowledge.

　　B. We can learn everything from our teachers.

　　C. The writer tells us that practice is more important for the students than learning.

　　D. It is the only job for the students to learn knowledge.

　　5. Which of the following is the best title(标题)？

　　A. A real job for teachers

　　B. Study in and outside school

　　C. Practice—the only way of learning

　　D. How to learn knowledge

　　(B)根据短文大意及空格提示的第一个字母，把单词拼写完整，使句子正确。

　　Most things can not be e (6)without f (7), but reading can. While we are sitting a (8)in our houses, we can t (9)around the whole world, and we can u (10)lots of things. We can talk with the persons hundreds of years ago. Though we may be not i (11), we can become the friends of g (12)men. Only books can give us these p (13). If you can not enjoy them, you are a p (14)person. If you enjoy them most, you will be the h (15)person in the world.

　　(选自2002年四川省中考试题)

　　(Keys: 1—5 BCDAA 6. enjoyed 7. friends 8. alone 9. travel 10. understand 11. important 12. great 13. pleasures 14. poor 15. happiest)

　　b. 问答题

　　所谓“问答题”，就是在短文、图文或图表材料后给出若干个问题，要求考生根据所给材料信息写出正确的答语。答句可以使用完整的句子，也可以使用能体现问题答案的省略句。例如：

　　Nearly every parent says that we never grow up. In fact, we are maybe 16 or 17 years old. In their eyes, we are always little ones and always do wrong things. For example, when I need to stay at home, alone, they always worry about me and my life without them.

　　Most parents always think that they have offered the best things they can to make their children live in a comfortable world. They buy their children pretty clothes, cool shoes, strange but expensive school things, and always a thousand-Yuan-cost bike. They think that they have done everything they can to their dear little children. In return, they only want their little boy to give them good results in the examinations

　　But why their little babies still can’t understand them? Why? Does it mean that they still want more material (物质的)things? No. As a matter of fact, what they want is a true family. What does a true family mean? I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world. From here, we can get warmth, we can get consolation(安慰), and we can get happiness. And one important thing is that we should be stronger and more confident(自信的) in the outside world because we know that we have a family.

　　So I think that parents should save their money and sit down to talk with their child to let them know that they have a true family, so the child and his parents could understand each other more and more. Then, no boy will be regarded as a little boy.

　　阅读短文, 回答问题。

　　1. What are always like in our parents’ eyes?

　　___________________________________________________________________

　　2. What do parents expect of us when they give us so much?

　　___________________________________________________________________

　　3. Do children want a true family? What does a true family mean?

　　___________________________________________________________________

　　4. How can parents no longer regard us as little children?

　　___________________________________________________________________

　　(选自2003年扬州市中考试题)

　　(Keys: 1. In their eyes, we are always little ones (children) and always do wrong things. 2. They only want us to give them good results in the examinations/exam. 或Good results in the examinations/exam. 3. Yes. I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world. 或Yes. It is a place from where we can get warmth, we can get consolation, and we can get happiness. 4. They can talk with us and we can understand each other more and more.)

　　c. 其他

　　随着中学英语考试的不断发展，阅读理解传统的命题方式不断地暴露出它的局限性。为了迎合素质教育的要求，在近几年的中考英语试题中，出现了一些既考查知识又考查能力，而且形式新颖的“阅读理解”试题类型。例如：

　　I

　　Most people in Britain live in small family groups. More than a quarter of houses in Britain have only got one person in them. Some of these are old people but some are people of twenty to thirty who choose to live alone. 35% of houses have two people in them, and another 17% have three people. 15% have four people in them, and the other homes have five or more…

　　1. According to the passage，which of the diagrams is right.

　　(节选自浙江丽水市2002年中考试题)

　　(Keys: 1. A)

　　分析：本篇阅读材料采用了文字叙述与数字图形相结合的方式，形式新颖，别具一格。尤其值得称道的是，该小题将文字阅读与数学坐标进行有效结合，很好地体现了不同学科间知识的相互渗透，符合当今素质教育的发展和要求，是非常值得借鉴的，也是未来命题的趋势之一。

　　III

　　阅读下面的短文，把A—E五个句子填入文中空缺处(50— 54)，使短文内容完整正确，然后完成第55题。

　　Plants are important living things. Life could not go on if there were no plants.

　　50 But animals and men can't make food from them. 51 Men live on plants and animals too. So animals and men need plants to live. 52 If you look carefully at the plants around you, you will find there are many kinds of plants. 53 Most plants are green. Some plants have many small leaves; others have only a few large leaves. 54 They are different in shapes(形状)and colors.

　　Except having different shapes and colors, leaves are also different in other ways. Some leaves have short stalks(叶柄)while others have long ones, some others have no stalks at all.

　　A. That is why we find there are so many plants around us.

　　B. There are many kinds of leaves.

　　C. Animals get their food by eating plants and other animals.

　　D. This is because plants can make food from air，water，and sunlight.

　　E. Some plants are large while others are small.

　　55. Which is the best title(题目)for this passage? (略)

　　(节选自河北省2002年中考试题)

　　(Keys: 50—54 D C A E B)

　　分析：从表面上来看，这道阅读理解题只是将五个备选句子填入短文中的空缺处。然而，考生只有在透彻理解短文的基础上，弄清上下文之间的关系，才能做出正确的选择。其命题实质上就是在语篇中考查学生上下文衔接的能力。

　　IV

　　阅读下面的短文，根据所给语境，按要求完成下面的题目。

　　Fresh (淡的)water is very important to people, animals, and plants. (82)If there is no water, we all could not live.

　　Many places in the world need more fresh water.(83)Every country is trying to find ways to turn salt water into fresh water.

　　In some places,(84)the sun is not hot enough, or it doesn't shine every day.

　　In such places, (85)heating (加热), ways, sea water, used, can, other, be, of. These ways cost more money, but they work faster than the sun. By boiling(煮沸)sea water with high heat, a lot of fresh water can be made quickly.

　　(86)但加热不是用海水制淡水的唯一方法。Other ways are tried. One way is freezing(冷冻). The fresh part of salt water freezes first. To get fresh water, the bits of ice are taken out.

　　(87)哪种方法最佳？The one that gives the most water for the least money. It may be a different way for each place.

　　A. 将82处的复合句改写成简单句。

　　82._________________________

　　B. 将83、84两处的英文翻译成汉语。

　　83. _________________________

　　84. _________________________

　　C. 将85处斜体部分的单词组成一个句子。

　　85. _________________________

　　D. 将86、87两处的汉语译成英文。

　　86. _________________________

　　87. _________________________

　　(节选自湖北鄂州市2002年中考试题)

　　(Keys: 82. We all couldn't live without water. 83. 各个国家都在设法寻找用海水制淡水的方法。(各个国家都在设法寻找将海水转化为淡水的方法。) 84. 太阳光热不很充足，或者不是每天都有阳光。 85. Other ways of heating seawater can be used. 86. But heating isn't the only way to get fresh water from salt water. (or…to turn salt water into fresh water) 87. Which way is the best?)

　　分析：看上去这是一道阅读理解题，其实它是一篇集阅读、词法、句法、翻译于一体的综合性题目，是对考生读、写、译综合水平的检测。此题充分体现了语言的综合性、应用性等特点，具有很强的创新性和导向性。

　　从考查内容上来看，“阅读理解”题目的设疑方式主要有以下几种：

　　a. 查找事实、细节型

　　这类题目主要包括事实识别、有关计算、识图、排列顺序等。一般地，这类题目可以直接从短文中找到可用的信息。这些问题一般都涉及到文章的“5W”，即 who(人物)，when(时间)，where(地点)， what(事件)，why(原因)，how(方式)等。题目设计大多直截了当。只要通读全文，注意文中所述的重要事实或细节，就可以做出正确解答。以图表材料命制的题目更是如此。例如：

　　03’年山东省烟台市中考“阅读理解”短文(D)中有下面这样一段话：

　　He/She should have an interest in making pizza. More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a restaurant.

　　针对这段文字，文后设有这样一道题：

　　The ad (广告) tells us that ____________________.

　　A. the assistant must be a man.

　　B. the assistant must have once worked in a restaurant.

　　C. Pucci Pizza has branches all over China.

　　D. Pucci Pizza is not in Taichung.

　　【分析】本小题选项B的意思是“要招聘的这个人必须曾在饭馆工作过”。即要具有一定

　　的从事餐饮业的经验。这与原文中叙述的事实“More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a restaurant.”相比较，形式上虽不大一样，但其内涵却完全相同。如果考生准确地理解了短文中的这句话，问题即可迎刃而解。

　　又如03’年广东省中考“阅读理解”短文(C)篇中有这样一句话：

　　In the past, there were forests all around Lake Ponkapog, so the rainwater was clean.

　　短文后的题目是：

　　In the past Lake Ponkapog was surrounded by ________.

　　A. fish B. rain C. birds D. forests

　　【分析】题目所要问的是“Lake Ponkapog四周过去被什么东西所环绕？” 而阅读材料中已用There be句型表达出了这层意思，句式不同，却有异曲同工之妙。

　　b. 理解词句或句子含义型

　　结合具体的语境，正确理解单词、词组或句子在阅读材料中的确切含义，是阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。有些词句，虽然未曾学过，但可通过上下文语境推测其含义，有些词虽然不是生词，但在具体的语言环境中已被赋予了特定的、新的含义。例如：

　　03’年广东省中考“阅读理解”短文(C)中有这样一道题涉及猜测词义：

　　Now there are many houses around the lake. People often use chemicals in their gardens. They use other chemicals inside their houses for cleaning or killing insects (昆虫). There are also many businessmen. Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops.

　　短文后的第66小题是：

　　“Chemicals” in the story means ______.

　　A. 化学家 B. 污染品 C. 药品 D. 化学制品

　　【分析】单从“People often use chemicals in their gardens.”这句话是不大容易猜测出该词的意思的。然而这个词在这个段落中接连出现了三次。第一次是说人们常在花园里使用它，第二次人们在清理房间或杀死昆虫时在屋子里使用它，第三次是说商人们还将其用于机器或在车间中使用。由此，A项和B项明显是错误的。C项具有较大的迷惑性，不过根据“Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops.”可知它是不恰当的。

　　c. 逻辑推理型

　　这类题目的答案在原文中是不能直接找到的，必须抓住文中相关信息，顺藤摸瓜，进行有理有据的分析、归纳和推理，才能找出答案。有时需要透彻理解作者的双关语和弦外之音等。

　　(a)根据常识推断

　　很多短文所设计的题目往往与其它方面的常识相关联，有时需结合或根据已有的常识做出判断。比如解答科学小品文的题目可能要用到物理或化学方面的知识，解答跟自然科学有关的题目可能要用到地理、生物方面的知识等。靠这些知识的帮助，往往能快速做出解答，至少可以更加准确地理解短文。例如：

　　One day we invited some friends to dinner. When it was about six o’clock, my wife found that we had little bread. So she asked our five-year-old daughter, Kathy, to buy some.

　　One day, Kathy’s parents invited some friends to ________.

　　A. have breakfast B. have lunch C. have supper D. have a party

　　【分析】由文中“One day we invited some friends to dinner.”一句可知，主人要宴请客人吃饭，所以D项(聚会)不合文意，先予以排除。但是在早(breakfast)，午(lunch)，晚(supper)三餐中，却未明确指出到底请客人吃哪一顿饭。英语中对“dinner”一词的解释是：main meal of the day, whether eaten at midday or in the evening. 这样可以将A项排除。至于是B还是C，仍然不能确定。再看下文中的“When it was about six o’clock…”，显然，快六点了，主人尚未准备就绪。根据生活常识，这里的无疑是下午六点钟，再结合“一日三餐”这一常识，他们请客人吃的只能是晚饭，所以可以推断出正确答案是C。

　　(b)根据计算判断

　　有些题目需根据短文的意思进行数字运算。中考的“阅读理解”中的数据推算并不要求高深的数学知识。在有关数据推算的试题中，根据短文所提供的数据进行必要的运算时，所涉及的数学知识一般都比较简单，关键在于准确理解原文的含义。例如：

　　03’年安徽芜湖中考“阅读理解”短文(D)中有这样一道题涉及数据运算：

　　If the population of Beijing grows to fifteen million by 2008, how many people will probably be able to speak English? About _________.

　　A. 15,000,000 B. 4,500,000 C. 3,000,000 D. 1,500,000

　　阅读材料中的原文是：

　　In five years the percentage (比例) of Beijing residents who can speak English will be raised to around 30 percent from 15 percent now.

　　【分析】原文中提到：五年之后，会说英语的北京居民的比例将会由现在的15%提升到30%。试卷所提的问题是：如果到2008年北京的人口达到15,000,000，会说英语的人将会有多少？尽管短文中没有提到这个数据，但根据题意不难推算15,000,000×30%=4,500,000

　　所以答案为B。

　　(c)根据逻辑关系推断

　　根据短文中的基本事实、故事情节发展的逻辑关系(如时间、因果、条件、比较、转折、让步等，)进行深层的理解，并在此基础上进行题目的理解。在逻辑判断题中，这部分题目是比较难做的。例如：

　　We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially usefully in automatic control, data processing (数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.

　　More and clever computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.

　　However…

　　Which of the following will best continue the third paragraph?

　　A. Computers will soon stop developing.

　　B. Many people like computers very much.

　　C. Computers are as cleverer as man.

　　D. I do not think computers will replace us completely.

　　【分析】显然，本文采用了对比的方式来表达自己对电脑的看法。前面描写了计算机的优点，但作者用however一词预示自己将引出相反的观点，故答案为D。

　　d. 归纳主旨型

　　这类题目要求考生在理解全文大意的基础上，对短文做出总结或概括性的评价。这种题目要求考生不仅能确切把握文中的事实和细节，而且更要透彻理解短文主旨。有的时候还要求对作者写作的意图、观点进行剖析，甚至推测作者的语气、态度等。在表现形式上常采用下列句式：

　　From the story, we can say/see _________.

　　According to (根据) the passage, we know that ____________.

　　The title (标题) of the passage / can be _______________.

　　The writer tells us _________.

　　From the story we can see ／learn__________.

　　The main idea of this passage is ___________.

　　What is this passage about？

　　请看下面的例文：

　　Have you ever heard your own voice? “Of course,” you say.

　　Has anyone else ever heard your voice? Again you say, “Of course.”

　　But that’s not quite true. Nobody else has ever heard your voice—the way you hear it. When you talk, you set up sound waves (声波). The air outside your head carries the sound waves to your outer ears. But, of course, the sound of your voice begins inside your head. The bones (骨头) of your head pick up the sound waves, too. They carry the sound waves straight to your inner(里面的) ears. You get the sound from the outside and the inside too. Other people get just the sound waves from the outside. That’s why they don’t hear your voice the way you do.

　　1. Sound travels in the form (形式) of __________.

　　A. bones B. air C. waves D. voice

　　2. The sound of your voice begins ________.

　　A. inside your head B. outside your head

　　C. in your inner ears D. in your outer ears

　　3. When you talk, other people hear your voice _______.

　　A. through the bones of your head B. from the outside

　　C. from the inside D. all of the above

　　4. The phrase “pick up” here means ________.

　　A. to raise B. to get C. to choose D. to pull

　　5. The passage is mainly about _________.

　　A.waves in the air

　　B. the way you hear your own voice

　　C. voice gets around far and wide

　　D. the different ways you and others hear your voice

　　(选自2003年扬州市中考试题)

　　【分析】这篇阅读材料所讲的是我们每个人都熟悉的事。答案分别是：1.C 2. A 3. B 4.B 5. D。

　　下面我们就来着重分析一下考查归纳主旨的第5小题。通读全文，我们知道短文的大意是：别人听到我们声音的方式与我们自己听到的方式是不同的。周围的空气将我们说话时发出的声波传送到外耳。由于声音是从头的内部发出来的，我们自己的头骨也受到声波的振动，并直接将声波传送到内耳里。这也就是说，我们自己是从外部和内部两处同时听到声音的。而别人则不然，他们只是从外部接收到我们发出的声波。根据短文提供的以上信息，不难看出，这篇短文的主旨是“自己和别人听到自己声音的方式是不同的”。所以答案为D。

　　此外，在中考英语试题中，还常出现“图形理解”这种形式的题目。这类题材的阅读材料主要考查考生对图表的分析和理解能力。牵涉的范围很广，如商店、公共场所的招牌，车站、飞机场的时刻表以及广告、报刊的片断等。请看下面的一段例文：

　　Look at the following train timetable. According to the information in the timetable and complete the sentences with the right words.

　　1.The first train to London on a Saturday leaves Leeds at ________to seven.

　　2.The nine ten train runs only on ________.

　　3.The trains at six forty-five and ________arrive in London before ten o'clock.

　　4.There are _______ trains to London every Monday morning.

　　5.The ten thirty train on a Saturday is a very ______one.

　　(选自2002年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初三组试题)

　　【分析】解答图表题，要仔细阅读表格中的内容，尤其是有关表格的说明。表格类阅读材料一般都直观地表达出所要传递的信息。考生只要能看懂各个项目的意义，即可找出所设问题的答案。这类材料一般不涉及难度太大的题目，只是在航班、列车等时刻表等材料中，经常出现利用出发时刻(Departure)和到达时刻(Arrival)来计算路途中所需的时间等题目。

　　1. a quarter。这由表格中的第一个时间0545可知。

　　2. Saturdays。The nine ten train就是指的是九点十分的火车，从表格中找到0910，往上可以查到CF和S，根据下面的图示可知S指的就是星期六，即Saturdays。

　　3. seven twenty-five。在表格中，我们可明显看到首发的两班车 (到达分别时间是：0908和0945)都是在十点钟前到达目的地，而第三班车则是在1014这一时间到达的。

　　4. four。从表格中不难找到含有MF字符的三趟火车，再加上0945从LEEDS出发的那一班正好是四趟。其余两趟只有星期天才发车。

　　5. slow。The ten thirty train on a Saturday这趟火车是表格中的倒数第二个，它的发车时间后面有一个c，根据下面的注解，这个字符是换车(change at Doncaster)之意，那么怎么样才能知道它是慢车呢？原来，我们只有通过计算它的发车时间和到站时间(1030，1456)才能得到答案，这趟车途中所用时间是四小时十六分，然后再与其它车次所用的时间进行比较，就会发现它是最慢的。

　　(5)“阅读理解”的解题技巧与策略

　　①“阅读理解”的解题步骤与思路点拨

　　a. 浏览问题，通读全文。做阅读理解题之前，首先要匆匆读一下短文后面的题目，然后带着这些问题去阅读所给的材料，获取文中的各种信息。带着问题阅读可以做到有的放矢，增加目的性，从而避免在不必要的信息上浪费时间。同时，带着问题阅读，可缩小阅读的范围，更便于捕捉关键的信息。通读时可边读边用铅笔做些标记，把有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因 (即5个W：who，what，when， where，why) 划出来。例如：逢人物就圈起来，看完短文数一数，有几个圈就是几个人，一目了然。

　　通读全文时，尤其要注意短文首段或每一自然段的首句。在记叙文中，这往往是交待某一事件发生的时间、地点或相关人物的；在其它类型的文章中，也往往是反映作者观点或写作意图的关键句子。文章最后一段往往是总括全文的，是事件的结局或作者表达的态度、意图、目的等。特别是短文的末尾一句，往往起着画龙点睛的作用。命题者也常常就这一句设置一个题目，而且往往是难度较大的题。这样一来便容易抓住中心，为下一步准确、快速地解题打下良好的基础。

　　b. 解答问题，选定答案。浏览全文，获取了文中的主要信息之后，就可以一边认真阅读题目，一边细心答题了。首先，要弄懂题干的内容和要求，然后到文中去找相应的信息。不管是哪一种形式的阅读理解题，其涉及的内容都会在文中直接或间接地体现出来。对那些很明显就能在短文中找到依据的题目，要一锤定音。其次，依照题目和找到的信息，进行推理判断。推理和判断时，一定要依据文中信息，做到有理有据，而且要细致入微，丝毫马虎不得。如果遇到的题目很难或无法根据所给材料做出明确的判断，这时，要统观全文，在理解文字表面意思的基础上进行深入分析、推理，找到解决问题的突破口，然后结合文章主题和有关常识进行思考，从而可以推断出正确答案。如果遇到百思不得其解的问题，可暂时将其搁置一旁，等做完其它题目之后，然后再回头来推敲这些悬而未决的题目。

　　值得一提的是，虽然有时候在选项里会出现原文中的某些语句，但它们往往是迷惑项，与答案的选定根本不相干。因此，越是这样的选项，越要引起注意，看看是否与所提的问题有联系，是否还有更贴近文章原意的选项，以免误选。

　　c. 力求稳妥，复核检查。在完成了全部的题目之后，还必须快速地、有针对性地重读一遍短文，特别是要留意与题目相关的文字。对于选择题，看一看所选择的答案是不是最佳答案；对填词题或问答题，看一看所填入的单词或所作回答是否与文中有关内容相符，书写是否正确。这是最后一步，也是非常重要的一步，不能疏忽。一旦发现前后矛盾、遗漏要点等错误，要立即纠正。

　　②“阅读理解”中考应试指南

　　a. 保持良好的精神状态。良好的精神状态对于考场上的考生来说非常重要。因为只有在心理放松的情况下，考生的精力才能够集中，思维才会敏捷，从而才能将自己的真实水平发挥出来。

　　b. 抓住中心句。阅读短文之前，先看短文是否有标题。若有，应给予高度重视。因为标题是文章主题的高度凝聚，它能给我们启发和想象，有利于加深对短文的理解，从而提高做题效率。另外，在没有标题的情况下，应充分重视短文的首、尾句。因为大多数文章都是按照“总---分---总”的结构布局的。据统计，英语中有60%-90%的主题句位于段首和段尾，短文的其它文字往往是对这些中心句的解释和说明。

　　c. 克服不良习惯，提高阅读速度。由于考试的时间有限，在保证不出偏差的前提下，一定要尽可能地提高阅读速度。倘若能注意克服以下不良习惯，就可以大大提高阅读速度：①心读。考场上不能出声阅读，于是有的考生就在心里读，有时考生的嘴唇也在动。这是非常不好的习惯，一定要下决心克服。因为这样做会直接制约着阅读速度的提高；②回视(指重新阅读上文)。阅读中的回视是一种无效劳动，所以应一口气把文章读完，尽量不要回视。这坏习惯是慢慢形成的，不是一朝一夕就能克服掉的。在平时的学习中就应当引起注意并加以克服；③一个词一个词地看。阅读时，视线应从左向右跳跃式移动，着重扫描意群，同时注意意群中的重要单词，以寻求主要的语言信息。可将冠词、系动词、助动词及不定式符号等小品词一扫而过，不可一词不漏地全部都看一遍；④只读不记。正确的做法是：一边阅读一边用笔记下或标出那些与文后所设问题有关的信息。这样，在做题时就用不着重新查阅短文，至少不用一句一句地再寻找那些隐约有印象的信息，从而可以节省一些时间。

　　d. 判断要有依据，推理要顺乎作者的意图。对于推理性或评价性之类的阅读理解题目，在材料中一般是找不到现成答案的，必须通读全篇，对所获信息加以筛选、提炼、推断，对作者的思想倾向，对文中提及的人物或事件可能产生的结局等，加以综合考虑才能得出正确结论。对这种题，不能以偏概全，不能“只见树木，不见森林”，不能以个人的想法代替作者的意图。

　　e. 遇到生词时，一定要沉着、冷静。中考英语试题中，一般是不会盲目地出现生词的，但不排除出现影响答题的生词，同时也可能出现猜测生词的题目，因为猜测词义也是阅读能力的体现，当然也在考查范围之列。遇到这种题目，只要理解了全篇材料的大部分内容，弄清了上、下文之间的内在联系，判断出它在文中可能存在的含义是不难的。中考中常用的猜测词义的方法有：

　　(a) 根据上、下文进行猜测。这是最重要，也是最常用的方法。有些生词可以通过上下文的相关信息，或根据同位语，修饰语等猜测词义。例如：

　　The people who survived the earthquake cried bitterly over the bodies of their relatives.

　　【分析】一般来说，中考“阅读理解”题中的“词义猜测”，并不要求考生根据构词法去分析单词的词义，而是要求考生根据文中的有关信息对生词的词义进行推断性的猜测。联系上下文，不难看出：这些人的亲属死了，他们在哭，显然他们在地震中“survive”了。这个词不就是“幸存”之意吗？可见，这种词义猜测也是建立在对上下文的正确理解之上的。又如：

　　The pupils assembled in front of the school hall. They came together to listen to the headmaster announce the result of the sports meeting.

　　【分析】下文中的短语came together意思是“聚到一起”，由此可以推断出学生们是“聚集到”学校大厅里听运动会的结果的。故该词的意思是“聚集”。

　　请再看下面这个例子：

　　…This is because people become so hungry at noon that they eat too much for lunch. This will gain weight (增加体重) instead of losing it. You will lose more weight if you reduce your other meals.

　　The word “reduce” in the last sentence means ________.

　　A. 增加 B. 减少 C. 放弃 D. 享用

　　(节选自南京市中考试题)

　　【分析】上文说：人们中午太饿，吃得太多，故身体增重。如果你“reduce”其它二顿饭，就会减轻体重。根据逻辑分析，若“少吃”就能减轻体重，若“放弃”，人就会挨饿，故答案为B。

　　(b) 利用构词法进行猜测。英语的构词法大致可分为派生、转化和合成等。例如：

　　Man differs from most from all the other animals in their ability to learn and use languages.

　　【分析】不难发现，本句中的生词differ跟different是同根词，搭配也是from，其前有man，其后有animals，根据这些信息可以断定动词differ此处有“和……不相同”、“与……存在差别”之意。

　　这里要特别强调一点，大部分阅读题目在设计过程中，已充分考虑到了生词对答题的影响。对于那些对答题无关紧要的生词，如人名、地名、产品商标名称或影视剧目名称等，一般是不加注汉语的，只要能推断出那些生词的类别就可以了，不必弄清其准确含义。对于那些一时难以断定其意思又不妨碍理解的生词，大可不必理会。

　　另外，熟词新义也是应当引起重视的。英语词语往往具有一词多义，在不同的场合它所表达的意思就不一定相同。如果仅仅用它的主要或常用的词义来理解一篇文章，就可能产生误解，或者根本无法了解作者的意图。如果一时间想不起该词的其它含义，可根据上下文来判断该词的词义。特别是那些关键词，必须仔细推敲。

　　③ 解题的注意事项

　　a. 忌不带问题进行阅读。读短文之前，应首先把所给材料后面的题目浏览一遍，然后带着这些问题进行阅读。一边阅读一边选出考查表层理解题目的答案，这样不仅可以增加目的性，而且可以在一定程度上提高做题效率。

　　b. 忌草率行事。在设计题目时，命题者往往在四个选项中设置一个似是而非的答案。该选项的干扰性很强，一不留神就可能被迷惑。正确的做法是：对意义接近，似是而非的备选答案，要进行认真分析、细心比较，找出它们的不同之处。然后再结合短文内容进行旁敲侧击，找到解决问题的切入点，这样就能去伪存真，正确答案自然就会水落石出。

　　c. 忌凭主观印象。在阅读所给材料之后，个别题目有时可以凭借生活常识找到答案，但绝大多数试题则不然。这就要求考生必须忠实于原文来选定答案，避开自身的生活经验、经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰。

　　d. 忌书写潦草。在没有读完材料时，有的考生就匆忙作答。等到读完全文，才发现前面的答案是错误的，于是再作改动。结果卷面被弄得非常不整洁，看上去一片狼籍，字迹难以辨认，以致于影响了自己的考试成绩。在解答主观性阅读理解试题时，尤其要注意这一点。

　　e. 忌随意改动答案。在检查时，如果怀疑某个答案的正确性，这时一定要慎之又慎，不要轻意改动。一般地，解答“阅读理解”题时，考试已进行了一段时间，大脑可能有些疲劳。稍有不慎就可能会把本来选对的题目改错。一般地，同学们要相信自己的第一感觉，不可轻易改动答案。如果真要改动，一定要找到充分的依据。

　　f. 正确对待生词。在阅读材料中，往往有些生词或词语不给出注解。主要有三种情况：(1)地名、人名。在句子中用大写字母开头的词往往是人名或地名。这就要求从单词本身及文章内容来推断大概的意思，翻译出来的意思是否准确并不太重要。(2)通过构词法而得出的另外一个词。这就要抓住词根，利用构词法知识进行词义猜测。(3)有的生词需要利用上、下文中的相关信息，或根据同位语、修饰词，或根据前后词汇之间的关系判断词性、词义。在阅读中遇到生词并不可怕，但是要注意从整体上理解句子，千万别老是盯着生词不放，以免影响阅读速度。有些给出注解的生词，再次或多次出现时，不会注解多次，要留心记住汉语意思，以免造成下一步的阅读障碍。

　　近几年的中考英语阅读材料，涉及的学科知识多而且新，对学生能力的考查更加全面。因此，同学们一定要扎扎实实地学好各科知识。知识面越宽，思维就越活跃，考虑问题就越周全，解决问题的能力就越强。抽样调查分析表明，中考英语试卷中的“阅读理解”失分点除了考生没有理解透彻短文外，还有以下几个问题应引起同学们注意：

　　a. 注意题干中的“infer”(推断)这个单词。如果题干中出现了这个单词，一般来说应该首先排除选项中的那些在文章中出现过的句子。因为题目中要求从文章中推断出某一结论，那就说明这一结论不是短文中存在的。

　　b. 注意题干中的“title”(标题)这个单词。这样的题目是要求考生为短文选择标题的。一般地，标题的选择要遵循“精、准、全”这个三字原则。“精”是指要用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心；“准”是指选择的标题要能将作者的观点或思想准确地表达出来；“全”是指标题的选择应该排除那些片面的选项，选取包含短文主要内容及作者要表达的观点的选项。

　　c. 注意选项中的多选项。很多学生只要一见到有“Both A and B”，“All the above”之类的选项，往往就不假思索地选上了，还以为上了“双保险”，肯定不会错。事实上并非全都如此，遇到这类题目更需要细心分析，认真推敲，否则很可能会上当。请看下面的这段话：

　　Sleep puzzles science. Scientists and doctors would rather talk about why one can’t fall asleep. They are not sure what causes sleep.

　　Questions:

　　Sleep puzzles scientists because they are not certain ___________.

　　A. why one can’t fall asleep B. why one wakes up

　　C. both A and B D. what causes sleep

　　【分析】从短文中可以明显看出科学家宁愿谈论人们睡不着的原因，说明他们对这个问题是有把握的。D为正确答案。而不少考生迷信“双保险”，将C项当作答案，做出错误的选择。