新浪首页 > 新浪教育 > 英语辅导报社专栏 > 大学英语辅导:定语从句与类似句型结构的辨析

大学英语辅导:定语从句与类似句型结构的辨析
http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/01/24 10:48  英语辅导报

  定语从句是英语中常用的句型之一,也是英语语法教学和学习的重点。所谓定语从句,是用一个句子(从句)来修饰主句中的名词或代词(一般在主句中充当主语或宾语)。但在实际运用中,许多学生常常将其与其它类似句型结构混淆,导致出错频频。针对这一现象,笔者根据自己的教学经验,在此对其作一辨析,希望能对英语学习者有所帮助。

  一、定语从句与简单句

  用一个恰当的词完成句子(下文横线处要求相同,故略):

  ①He tried to use a new way to solve this problem,________ didn't work.

  ②He tried to use a new way to solve this problem. ________ didn't help.

  辨析:含定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别为:前者是复合句,主从句间需用关系词连接;而后者是两个独立的句子,不需任何关系词连接。①题两个句子间用逗号连接且没有并列连词,显然是主从句关系,且为非限制性定语从句,需用关系代词 which;②题中句号分隔两个句子,第二个句子中用It指代前一个句子。可见,标点符号是区分这类句子的切入点。

  二、定语从句与并列句

  ①I have three brothers,none of ________ is a teacher.

  ②I have three brothers,but none of ________ is a teacher.

  ③I have three brothers; ________are teachers.

  辨析:定语从句与并列句的主要区别为:定语从句一般都是用关系代词或关系副词引起,而并列句用but,so,and等表示转折、因果、并列关系的连词或分号连接。因此①题是非限制性定语从句,用关系代词whom引导,被修饰的先行词brothers在从句中作of的宾语;②题有转折连词but,是并列句,要用代词 them;③题是用分号连接的并列分句,后一句缺主语,可用none或they。在其它情况下,除了none,代词all, both或表示数量的基数词亦可用在此类句型中。

  让我们再来看看下面的例子:

  ①On May 5 we reached Beijing,where we stayed for a week.

  ②On May 5 we reached Beijing,and there we stayed for a week.

  ③On May 5 we reached Beijing;there we stayed for a week.

  句①是由关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词Beijing在从句中作地点状语;句②则是由and连接的并列句,there在句子中作地点状语; 句③同样是并列句,由分号连接,there在句子中也作地点状语。另外,句②③中,there的位置相对灵活,亦可紧跟动词之后。

  三、定语从句与强调句

  ①It was October 1st,1949 ________ the People's Republic of China was founded.

  ②It was on October 1st, 1949 ________ the People's Republic of China was founded.

  辨析:定语从句与强调句的主要区别为:强调句的句型结构为“It+be+被强调部分+that从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语外任何其它成分,当被强调部分指人时,可用who (whom)代替that;当被强调部分是时间或地点时,则不能用when或where代替 that。把强调句中的it,be和that去掉,再把被强调部分还原,句子仍然成立,而定语从句则不成立。由此得出:①题是用关系副词when引导的定语从句,修饰主句的表语 October 1st,1949,这里的when相当于on which;②题为强调句,强调句中时间状语on October 1st,1949,应填that。

  四、定语从句与地点状语从句

  ①This kind of plant grows well at the places ________there is very dry.

  ②This kind of plant grows well ________ there is very dry.

  辨析:定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别为:定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有。另外,引导定语从句的关系副词where在从句中充当状语,可由“介词+which”代替,而地点状语从句通常只能由连接副词where引导。①题中the places是表示地点的先行词,被由where引导的定语从句修饰,此处的where可由at which 代替;②题中没有表示地点的先行词,是由连接副词where引导的地点状语从句。

  五、定语从句与结果状语从句

  ①I have the same book ________ you have.

  ②It is so beautiful a place ________ everybody want to visit.

  ③Such people ________ you described are rare nowadays.

  ④She is such a kind girl ________ all of us like to make friends with her.

  ⑤It is so big a stone ________ no one can lift it.

  辨析:so / such / the same...as均是固定搭配,the same...as中as是关系代词,引导定语从句,而so /such...that中的that是从属连词,引导结果状语从句。定语从句和结果状语从句的区别在于:定语从句中as既引导从句又在从句中充当成分,而在结果状语从句中that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。

  另外,同是定语从句,the same...as结构表达的意思是“像……一样”,是指两件事物的比较,而the same...that结构则指的是同一件事物。例如:

  This is the same bicycle as I lost yesterday. 这辆自行车和我昨天丢的那辆很像。

  This is the same bicycle that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢的那辆自行车。

  由此可见,①②③题为定语从句,填as;④⑤题为结果状语从句,填that。

  六、定语从句与宾语从句

  ①Do you remember the day________I met you for the first time?

  ②Do you remember ________ I met you for the first time?

  ③I don't know the reason________she is crying.

  ④I don't know________she is crying.

  辨析:定语从句和宾语从句的区别主要在于:定语从句有被修饰的先行词,而宾语从句则没有,宾语从句充当主句的宾语,受谓语动词支配。由此可以判断,①③题为定语从句,分别用关系副词when和why;②④题为宾语从句,分别用连接副词when和why。

  七、定语从句与主语从句

  ①________ is known to us all,the earth is round.

  ②________ we all know, the earth is round.

  ③________ is known to us all that the earth is round.

  辨析:由as引导的非限制性定语从句与由it在主句中作形式主语的主语从句的区别在于:as在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,这类定语从句的位置相当灵活,可位于句首、句中或句末。而主语从句以形式主语it开头,that引导的从句一般位于句末,是句子的真正主语。①题中填As代替整个主句,在定语从句中充当主语;②题中填As代替整个主句,在定语从句中充当know的宾语;③题填形式主语It,that从句是句子的真正主语。

  除此之外,定语从句与主语从句的区别还反映在以下例子中:

  ①The thing that we need is a dictionary.

  ②What we need is a dictionary.

  ③The day when he will visit us has not been decided.

  ④When he will visited us has not been decided.

  ①和②,③和④虽句意相同,但句子结构完全不同。①③为定语从句,the thing / the day为主句主语,被由关系代词that和关系副词when引导的定语从句修饰;②④为由代词what和连接副词when引导的主语从句,整个从句充当主句主语。只要掌握了定语从句需要有被修饰的先行词,而主语从句则在整个复合句中充当主语,辨别二者并不困难。

  八、定语从句与表语从句

  ①Is the house ________ he lived near the hospital?

  ②Is the house the one ________ he lived?

  ③Is the house ________ he lived?

  辨析:定语从句和表语从句的主要区别为:定语从句有先行词,而表语从句没有。定语从句修饰先行词,而表语从句作主句系动词的表语。先将上述疑问句变为陈述句有助于我们对从句结构的理解。例句可分别变为:①The house ________ he lived is near the hospital.②The house is the one ________ he lived.③The house is ________ he lived.显然①②题中的从句为定语从句,分别修饰the house和the one,应由关系副词where引导,也可由in which代替;③题中的从句为表语从句,作系动词is的表语,由连接副词where引导。

  九、定语从句与同位语从句

  ①The news ________ he died in the war is true.

  ②The news ________ they told me last night is true.

  辨析:定语从句和同位语从句的区别在于:定语从句与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系,而同位语从句与先行词是同位关系,说明前面名词的内容。引导同位语从句的连词that在从句中不充当任何成分,而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等成分。判断that从句是定语从句还是同位语从句,可去掉that,如从句结构仍完整,是同位语从句,如不完整,则是定语从句。①题填that,如去掉that,从句为he died in the war,结构仍然完整,所以①题中的从句为同位语从句;②题亦填that,但去掉that,从句they told me last night,缺少直接宾语,结构不完整,因此②题中的从句为定语从句。

  (文/钱轶群;英语辅导报 大学二年级版 04~05学年第17、18期; 版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)




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