非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词,从历届高考试题来看,不定式和分词是考查的重点。下面结合高考试题,对非谓语动词的作用及其区别分别加以说明。

　　一、考查非谓语动词作主语

　　能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。两者的区别是:表示某一具体的动作时,多用不定式;表示比较抽象的一般的行为倾向时,多用动名词。动名词作主语时通常位于句首;不定式作主语则常置于句末,用it作形式主语放在句首。

　　[原题再现]

　　In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

　　A. this B. thatC. there D. it

　　答案:D

　　二、考查非谓语动词作宾语

　　不定式和动名词可作介词或动词的宾语,具体用法详见本报第2期和第6期。

　　[原题再现]

　　①Victor apologized for ________ to inform me of the change in the plan.

　　A. his being not able

　　B. him not to be able

　　C. his not being able

　　D. him to be not able

　　②We agree ________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.

　　A. having met B. meeting

　　C. to meet D. to have met

　　答案:① C ② C

　　三、考查非谓语动词作补语

　　能作宾语补足语和主语补足语的非谓语动词有不定式、现在分词、过去分词,用哪种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的句型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。

　　现在分词和过去分词作补足语的用法和区别详见本报第3期、第5期和第6期。下面笔者着重讲一下不定式作补足语的情况。

　　1. 能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有:ask，tell，force，get，allow，want，wish，like，hate，prefer，intend，expect，encourage，advise，persuade，permit，request，order，warn，cause等,表示宾语或主语执行不定式的动作(具有“主动”的意义),而且不定式的动作多发生在句子谓语动词动作之后(具有“将来”的意义)。

　　[原题再现]

　　My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills.

　　A. for me takingB. me taking

　　C. for me to takeD. me to take

　　答案:D

　　2. 使役动词、感官动词能接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语和带to的不定式作主语补足语。常见的使役动词有make，let，have等;感官动词有see，hear，watch，observe,notice，feel以及look at，listen to等。

　　[原题再现]

　　Paul doesn't have to be made ________. He always works hard.

　　A. learn B. to learnC. learnedD. learning

　　答案:B

　　3. 现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在发生。

　　[原题再现]

　　Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.

　　A. run B. running

　　C. being run D. to run

　　答案:B

　　四、考查非谓语动词作定语

　　不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语。

　　1. 不定式作定语多和被修饰的名词具有“动宾关系”,即被修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者;如果不定式是不及物动词,就要在不定式动词后面加上相应的介词。

　　[原题再现]

　　There are five pairs ________, but I'm at a loss which to buy.

　　A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing

　　答案:B

　　2. 现在分词作定语多和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”,即现在分词用主动式时,被修饰的名词正在执行其动作;现在分词用被动式时,被修饰的名词正在承受其动作;过去分词作定语与其所修饰的名词有“动宾关系”,表示一个被动或完成的动作。

　　[原题再现]

　　①The disc，digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.

　　A. recorded B. recordingC. to be recordedD. having recorded

　　②Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.

　　A. to form B. formC. forming D. having formed

　　答案:① A ② C

　　五、考查非谓语动词作状语

　　能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语,在句末多作原因状语、结果状语。现在分词短语放在句首多作原因、条件、时间等状语,在句末多作方式、伴随状语,也可作结果状语。过去分词短语放在句首多表示时间、条件、原因等,放在句末表示对前面的情况起补充说明作用,同时与句子主语具有被动关系。

　　[原题再现]

　　①________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.

　　A. To wait B. Have waitedC. Having waitedD. To have waited

　　②The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ________ the film stars had left.

　　A. to tellB. to be toldC. tellingD. told

　　③ ________ by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.

　　A. AttractingB. AttractedC. To be attractedD. Having attracted

　　④ “We can't go out in this weather,”said Bob, ________ out of the window.

　　A. lookingB. to lookC. lookedD. having looked

　　答案:① C ② B ③ B ④ A

　　六、考查非谓语动词作表语

　　不定式、动名词和分词都可作表语,具体用法详见本报第3期、第5期和第6期。

　　[原题再现]

　　Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to ________ before the party.

　　A. get changedB. get changeC. get changingD. get to change

　　答案:A

　　七、考查非谓语动词的特殊结构与句式

　　非谓语动词除了上述几种用法外,还可以用在以下几种特殊结构与句式中。

　　1. “疑问词 + 不定式”结构

　　[原题再现]

　　It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.

　　A. it what to do with

　　B. what to do it with

　　C. what to do with it

　　D. to do what with it

　　答案:C

　　2. with复合结构

　　[原题再现]

　　①With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

　　A. settled B. settlingC. to settle D. being settled

　　②It was a pity that the great writer died ________ his works unfinished.

　　A. for B. with C. from D. of

　　答案:① C ② B

　　(文/籍万杰；英语辅导报高三年级版2004-2005学年第16期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)