--从2004年部分省市中考听力试题命题变化谈起

　　笔者从2004年全国各省市近40份中考试卷上，看到各省、市、区的中考试卷中的一部分听力试题的赋分均在20—30分之间，分数比例占全卷的五分之一，甚至四分之一，足以看出各地对听力考查的重视程度。

　　另一突出特点是基本不见单纯考查语音、重音、语调的单一试题，而更多的是对具体的真实语境的考查，即考查对话、情景语篇、独白——在真实情景中的交流用语。

　　从听力内容上看，更加注重考查与社会实践和学生生活实际相联系的话题，更具人文特色和教育功能，注重考查学生对所听内容的整体感知、理解和领悟能力。

　　听力录音速度，正向日常交流语言的正常速度发展，从听两遍向听一遍过渡。

　　中考听力命题，一般从以下四个方面展开，这也是今后命题的改革趋势。

　　一、理解对话或独白中的主旨、大意

　　生活中的对话或独白肯定会围绕一个中心点展开，有时开门见山，有时要透过全文，

　　进行归纳、判断、概括。

　　例1 (2004年北京市中考试题)

　　听对话和短文，根据对话和短文后的问题，选择正确答案。

　　A. Making a phone call.

　　B. Giving a lesson.

　　C. Asking the way.

　　听力录音材料：

　　Woman: Excuse me, but could you tell me how to get to the cinema, please?

　　Man: Which cinema?

　　Woman: The Capital Cinema.

　　Man: Oh, it's a long way from here. You'd

　　better take a bus.

　　Woman: Which one, please?

　　Man: I think you need a number 44.

　　Woman: Where is the nearest bus stop?

　　Man: Walk along this road, and take the first turning on the right. The bus stop is about 100 meters along on the left.

　　Woman: How long will it take me to get to the cinema?

　　Man: Only twenty minutes.

　　Woman: Thank you very much.

　　Man: You're welcome.

　　Question: What is the woman doing?

　　简析：听懂全部对话后，显然中心意思都围绕问路。答案是C。

　　例2 (2004年南京市中考试题)

　　听下面的对话，每段对话后有几个小问题，根据你所听到的内容，从所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

　　What are they talking about?

　　A. Jim's school

　　B. The weather

　　C. The food for breakfast

　　D. Jim's trouble

　　听力录音材料:

　　W: Good morning, doctor!

　　M: Good morning, Mrs. Brown! Well, what's wrong with this young man?

　　W: He's my son, Jim. He's got a headache.

　　M: Have you taken his temperature, Mrs. Brown.

　　W: Yes. His temperature seems to be OK.

　　M: How long has he been like this?

　　W: Ever since last night.

　　M: Has he had anything to eat this morning?

　　W: Yes. For breakfast he had a little milk and an egg.

　　M: Well, Mrs. Brown, I think he's caught a cold.

　　W: Is there anything serious with him?

　　M: No, nothing serious, but he'd better stay at home and have a good rest.

　　W: Thank you very much.

　　M: You're welcome.

　　简析：旁听者要从谈话双方得知其谈话主要内容，谈话是医生与患者Jim的母亲之间的交谈，关键句是：“He's my son, Jim. He's got a headache. ”。因而正确答案是D. 吉姆病了。

　　二、理解围绕主题的各种信息或细节

　　凡是要说明一个中心内容，都需要许多具体信息内容，如在购物时，双方是否能成交均和所需商品的规格、尺寸、颜色、价格有关系。

　　例3 (2004年山东省威海市中考试题)

　　听对话和对话后的问题，然后选择正确答案。

　　1. A. A pair of sports shoes.

　　B. A pair of glasses.

　　C. A pair of trousers.

　　2. A. Blue. B. Brown. C. White.

　　3. A. 35 yuan. B. 36 yuan. C. 46 yuan.

　　4. A. No, he didn't. B. Yes, he did.

　　C. I'm not sure.

　　听力录音材料：

　　W: Can I help you, sir?

　　M: I would like to buy a pair of sports shoes.

　　W: What size do you want?

　　M: Size ten or eleven.

　　W: OK! What about this pair?

　　M: Sorry! I don't like black. Have you got any other colors?

　　W: Other colors? Oh, yes. We've also got blue,brown and white ones.

　　M: Can I have a look at the brown ones?

　　W: Certainly.

　　M: How much does each pair cost?

　　W: Forty-six yuan.

　　M: It's too dear. Can you bring the price down a little? What about thirty-five?

　　W: Er...all right.

　　M: Then I'll take them.

　　Questions:

　　1. What does the man want to buy?

　　2. What color does he like best, blue, brown or white?

　　3. How much does the shopkeeper ask for each pair?

　　4. Did the man buy the shoes at last?

　　简析：此题涉及到所购商品的种类、颜色、价格和是否成交等一系列问题，因而拿到试卷，一定要在听录音之前，掠读一下题项，从而加以预测，有准备地加以选择，切不可消极等待，一定要积极进取才行。

　　以上4个小题的答案是：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B

　　三、理解谈话的背景，交谈者之间的关系

　　通过听谈话者之间的关系，背景材料，能识别人们的身份、职业。这是听力测试中经常出现的考查内容，解这类题要抓住各种类型人物的常用语，以此为依据，判定其身份和捕捉不同事情的发生地点。

　　例4 (2004年长沙市中考试题)

　　根据你所听到的对话及针对该对话所提出的问题，选出能回答该问题的最佳答案。

　　A. At school B. In the hospital

　　C. At home

　　听力录音材料：

　　M: What's your trouble, Lucy?

　　W: I am feeling very sick right now.

　　M: You've got a bad cold. Go home and stay in bed. Take some medicine. You'll be all right soon.

　　Q: Where will Lucy stay?

　　简析：答案是C。通过对话，得知露茜病了，病发在学校，老师或校医建议她回家休息，因而露茜将呆在哪里便不言而喻了。

　　例5(2004年湖南省湘潭中考试题)

　　根据你所听到的对话以及针对该对话所提的问题，找出能回答该问题的最佳答案。

　　A. In a shop B. In a post office

　　C. In a hospital

　　听力录音材料：

　　W: Can I help you?

　　M: Yes. I'd like to buy a few stamps. By the way, where should I put these letters?

　　W: Just put them into that box.

　　Q: Where are the two speakers?

　　简析：从对话中，不难听出一位是邮局工作人员，一位是发信者，由此得知事情发生在邮局。其中Can I help you? 多用于服务行业中的服务用语，是明显表示职业的标志。答案为B。

　　四、理解谈话者的意图、观点和态度。

　　了解谈话者的意图、观点、态度，这是比较深层的问题，也是听力中必然要涉及到的题目，因为平时了解某一事情时，对双方所抱的态度，持有的观点，要达到的意图，必须有起码的了解，才能从中获取信息，进行分析判断。

　　例6 (2004年吉林省中考试题)

　　短文理解：听一段短文，根据其内容及所给的问题选择正确答案。

　　—Why did the boy catch his mother's hand?

　　—Because ______ .

　　A. he was hungryB. he felt afraid

　　C. he wanted to play with his mother

　　简析：答案是B。本题是考查推理判断。

　　听力录音材料：

　　Henry works in a children's hospital. If doctors need to know how heavy the children are before they are looked over, he will help the children to take off their clothes.

　　One day, a five-year-old boy came in with his mother. He was so nervous that he caught his mother's hand. Henry tried his best to take the boy away from his mother to the doctor's office, but he failed. However, with the help of his mother, the boy agreed to go with Henry. Henry was very happy. He thought everything was OK. “Now, boy, let's take off our clothes and see how heavy we are,” said Henry. But the boy dropped Henry's hand at once and said, “You go, I don't want to.”

　　简析：本题是考查推理判断。从文中得知亨利在儿童医院做护理工作。一天一位五岁小男孩在母亲的陪同下到医院看病，小男孩紧紧握住母亲的手。亨利尽力想把小男孩单独带到医生办公室，可是没有成功。后来小男孩同意跟母亲一起去医生办公室。亨利以为一切都不成问题了，可是事与愿违，故事最后一句话是：But the boy dropped Henry's hand at once and said, “You go. I don't want to.” 由此可以判断小男孩紧紧拉住母亲的手，是由于他感到害怕。该文中关键一句话是：He was so nervous that he caught his mother's hand.

　　笔者最后要强调的一点是，中考听力与高考听力正在接轨，命题内容的依据多与《英语课程标准》中所列的“功能意念项目”内容有关，因此必须引起全体中学生的高度重视才是。

　　(文/李宝忱；英语通2004年第12期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)