Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning 35,000 a year, lost approximately 175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for 20 worth of gambling.

　　He visited the casino, lost the 20 and left. On his second visit he lost 800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic morphine”.

　　(41)______________________. In 1997 he lost 21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost 72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

　　In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

　　(42)___________________________ .

　　The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.

　　(43)_____________________________ .

　　The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

　　(44) _____________________________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

　　(45) ________________________________.

　　Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With 3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.

　　［A］ Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

　　［B］ It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

　　［C］ By the time he had lost 5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won 5,500, but he did not quit.

　　［D］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.

　　［E］ David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

　　［F］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

　　［G］ The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

　　答案与解析

　　41.【答案】C

　　【解析】 本题为“数字定位题”，考查的是段中句。文章第二段讲述威廉姆斯赌博输钱的经历，列举了他输钱的具体数目。空白处前的数字是20和800，空白后的数字是21,000和72,186。这些数字是递增的，表明他越赌输得越多。由此我们可以大胆推测本空白处的内容应当包含数字，而且应该是介于800和35,000之间。七个选项中只有［C］与数字相关，且数字大小符合前述标准，因此可确定为答案。此外，我们还可以从举例逻辑关系角度解题，空白处前一句说威廉姆斯称这些赌博活动为“电子吗啡”，接着以示例说明。他输了5,000美元时，他对自己说如果能够赢回来，他就不赌了；然而，一夜间他赢了5,500美元，但是却没有停下来。1997年他两天内在自动赌博机上就输了21,000美元。

　　42.【答案】A

　　【解析】 本题属“逻辑关系题”，考查的是段尾句。本段交待了朋友将不情愿的威廉姆斯送进了戒赌治疗中心并写信告诉了赌场。赌场把威廉姆斯的照片放入严禁进入的赌徒中并给他写了“禁止入内”通知书，指明赌博行为对健康和心理的严重危害。信中说在他获准再次光顾前，赌场不会对他的安全和健康造成任何威胁。然而事实却不是这样，空白处内容应该有一个结构上的转折，“尽管没有出示此类证据，赌场的市场部仍不断给他发邮件，而且他进赌场时使用游乐卡竟无人察觉。”这句话进一步说明了上一段提到的威廉姆斯起诉赌场的原因，即赌场明明知道他已出现沉溺赌博的问题，本该拒绝他光顾赌场却没有那么做。

　　43.【答案】B

　　【解析】 空前文字提到“Williams提出指控，Casino明明知道他无可救药的迷恋上赌博，还故意引诱他从事违背他意愿的活动”。注意空前文字中的 “lure”和“will”两词，在这里分别表示“诱惑”和“意愿”。考生应该很快能想到选项［B］，前面提到过，如果［B］选项入选，前文肯定曾经提到有什么诱惑导致了他的所谓不情愿的行为，也肯定曾经提到过所谓的他自己的意愿，所以本题选［B］。

　　44.【答案】F

　　【解析】 本题属“同义复现题”，考查的是段中句。空白处前一句说：心理障碍诊断统计手册第四版为“病理赌博”下了定义，其表现为：持续、反复且无法自控地不惜冒险以求发横财。“病理赌博”(pathological gambling)是一个我们没听过的新医学术语，因此，空白处需要对此做进一步解释。选项［F］中的“medicalizing more and more behavioral problems”和“addictions”与“pathological gambling”构成同义复现关系，因此为正确答案。

　　45.【答案】D

　　【解析】 本题属“同义复现题”，考查的是段尾句。本段首先介绍了“病理赌博”的定义，接着进一步指出从前人们认为的“意志薄弱行为”就是今天我们常说的“沉溺症”。在所谓“科学”的推动下，社会将从前我们认为的性格缺陷、道德过失重新归类到类似于生理障碍的“病态人格”。空白处是段尾，既要对本段进行总结，还要引出下一段内容，起到承上启下的作用。选项［D］使用“同义复现”手段达到了这一要求，用“a sin, or a social disease.”替换前一句中的“character flaws or moral failings”及“personality disorders”；用“government” 代替下一段首句中的 “states”。两句话的意思是：赌博一直是美国人生活的普遍特征，长期以来，人们认为赌博是一种罪过或者一种社会疾病。现在赌博却成为一种社会政策：在美国，对赌博最重要、最积极的推动者就是政府。(下一段)美国44个州发行彩票，29个州开设赌场，大多数这些州不同程度地依赖或者说“沉溺于”赌博收入。

　　全文精译

　　埃文斯维尔位于印第安纳州俄亥俄河的北岸，是52岁的David Williams的家乡，这里有一个船上娱乐场，人们可以在其中赌博。Williams是一位州政府

　　他去了赌场，输掉那20美元就走了。第二次去时他输了800美元，娱乐场把他视为优秀消费者，发给他一张娱乐卡，在娱乐场用这张卡玩就可以赢得积分，用来就餐或获得免费饮料，而赌场则可以跟踪使用者的赌博活动。对于Williams来说，这些赌博活动变成了他称之为“电子吗啡”的东西。41)当他输掉5000美元时，他对自己说，如果他能够翻本，他就罢手。一天晚上，他赢了5500美元，但是他仍然没有停止赌博。1997年，两天内他玩老虎机输掉21000美元，1997年3月，他输掉了72186美元。有时候他整个晚上同时玩两台老虎机，直到赌船早上五点锁门为止，当娱乐场早上九点开门时，他又回到船上。现在他正在起诉这家娱乐场，指控说娱乐场原本应该拒绝他的惠顾，这是因为赌场知道他已经嗜赌成瘾了，而且赌场的确明白他难以自控。

　　42)尽管没有证据证明这一切，娱乐场的市场部继续给他大量写信，之后他进入赌场，还使用他的娱乐卡却未被发现。1998年3月，虽然Williams很不乐意，他的一个朋友还是把他弄到一家戒毒中心暂时禁闭起来，并写信把Williams的赌友的情况告诉了赌场。赌场把Williams的一张照片添加在被禁止入场的人员之中，并给他写了一封信函：鉴于您赌博行为的医学心理问题，兹通知您“停止入场”。信中还说，直到娱乐场不会对他的安全及福利造成威胁之时，他才能够重新惠顾该娱乐场。

　　43)鉴于他的强迫性行为，还不清楚需要什么诱因，也不清楚在何种意义上，他自己的意志力是起作用的。

　　《华尔街时报》报道说，该赌场有20个警示标志：“尽情享受吧……要用脑子去赌，但不要玩过头。”每张入场券上都列出了印第安那心理健康处的免费咨询电话号码。然而，Williams的诉讼指控中说，赌场虽然已经知道他 “陷于赌博而不能自拔”，但是却有意假装“喜欢”他，纵容他屡屡“从事违背自己意愿的事情。”

　　《心理紊乱诊断与统计指南》第四版中指出，“病态赌博”是指固执的、反复且无法控制的追求，其目的与其说是追求金钱，倒不如说是寻求大发“横财”的冒险刺激感。44)令个人不安的是，现在的美国社会把越来越多的行为问题用医学方法加以解决，而从前苛刻的几代人则把它们视为意志薄弱的行为而已。由于科学——或所谓的科学——理论的推动，美国社会正在把以前人们视为性格缺陷或精神失常的情况重新划入与残障类似的病态人格的范畴之内。45)赌博一直是美国人生活中司空见惯的事情了，但是长期以来，赌博被广泛视为是一种犯罪或社会疾病，而现在，赌博是一项社会政策：美国赌博的最重要和最积极的倡导者就是美国政府。

　　美国44个州有彩票，29个有赌场，这些州在不同程度上都依赖于——你也可以说它们“迷恋于”——来自赌博的收入。自从1995年第一家网上赌博网站创建以来，对于赌博者的金钱的争夺愈演愈烈。10月28日发行的《新闻周刊》报道，每周有两百万人参与因特网1800个虚拟赌场的赌博。今年因特网赌博者就输掉35亿美元，赌博已经超过色情成为网站获利最丰的行业。

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