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考研英语高分策略：长难句语法突破特训
自考研英语考试改革后，语法已经不再作为单独考查的内容，但是它却无时无刻不贯穿在整个英语考卷中，以各种形式来考查考生的语言基础能力。完形填空题会直接考查语法知识；而占考试比重最大的阅读理解和翻译，不仅阅读量较大，而且出现各种各样的长难句，这些长难句由于单词多，成分复杂，语序颠倒或成分省略，往往对考生具有极大的杀伤力。因此，如何提高对长难句的理解能力，就成为我们突破考研，赢取高分的秘笈所在。
我们知道，每道真题都是经过许多专家精心编纂、深思熟虑、反复论证才最终出现在考生面前的。我们反复研究真题典型例句，目的就在于探求其出题点及熟练掌握各种语法应用，逐渐将长难句一一突破。
I。长难句特点剖析：
要应对长难句，就要了解其特点，所谓知己知彼，百战百胜。分析历年长难句，将其主要特点总结如下：
特点一：句子长，字数多
例如：
Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others。(41 words)(2003完形)
From the middle-class family perspective，much of this，understandably，looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility，and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders。(45 words)(2007阅读3)
Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong。(45 words)(2009阅读3)
特点二：成分多，分析难
1。成分复杂
例如：
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”， a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. (2002阅读4)
其中包含although引导的让步状语从句、that引导的宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、条件状语从句，又包含there be句型，以及各种非谓语动词的使用等。
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (2003阅读3)
其中包含时间状语从句、it作形式主语、宾语从句、并列平行结构、让步状语从句以及主语从句。
2。分隔结构
例如：
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”， and making the alternative move into “ownshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. (2001阅读5)
谓语discovered与其后的宾语从句that abandoning…and making…brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status被as引导的状语从句分隔。
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp. and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. (2007阅读4)
主语Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year与谓语have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities被介词短语作的伴随状语分隔，分隔部分作主句的补充说明。
3。倒装结构
例如：
On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. (2008-48)
乍一看，很多学生会误以为as well founded是accept的并列谓语，但又注意到founded是过去式或过去分词的形式，而accept用的是原形，因此排除并列谓语的可能。那么as well founded 作什么成分？实际上经过分析，本句使用了倒装(参见倒装章节)，提前了宾语补足语as well founded(有根据的)，这是由于宾语charge包含了一个后置定语以及一个同位语从句，因句子过长作者调整了语序。
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. (1995阅读5)
本句中，否定词nor提在句首，if引导的条件状语从句作分隔结构，主语management和系动词is间发生了倒装。
4。各种省略的使用
例如：
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (2002-65)
该句子中，Until these issues are resolved是时间状语从句；a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected是句子的主干；and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems该部分显然是并列句，但是在该部分中，with it中的代词指代a technology of behavior，这种结构常常翻译成“随之”，但是，the only way to solve our problems作什么成分？经过分析，这里面省略了谓语(参见省略章节)，这是由于在并列分句中，后一分句与前一分句如果有相同成分，那么相同成分可以被省略。本题中，完整的语句应为the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected。
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