1997年考研英语阅读理解真题解析_新浪教育

1997年考研英语阅读理解真题解析

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/06/17 18:37 新东方教育在线

　　Passage 3

　　A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude w

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aiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

　　For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

　　The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

　　Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

　　As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

　　5. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world .

　　［A］rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

　　［B］small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

　　［C］Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

　　［D］most Americans are ready to offer help

　　6. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that .

　　［A］culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship

　　［B］courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated

　　［C］various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

　　［D］social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions

　　7. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers .

　　［A］to improve their hard life

　　［B］in view of their long-distance travel

　　［C］to add some flavor to their own daily life

　　［D］out of a charitable impulse

　　8. The tradition of hospitality to strangers .

　　［A］tends to be superficial and artificial

　　［B］is generally well kept up in the United States

　　［C］is always understood properly

　　［D］has something to do with the busy tourist trails

　　第一部分文章背景

　　[内容分类]社会科学--文化人类学，跨文化交际

　　本文主要描述了一种文化现象--美国人对外国人比较友好，易于与他们交友，作者同时也对这个现象做了历史和文化上的解释，并指出这是一种相当复杂的文化现象。

　　第二部分语言点详解

　　1. courteous有礼貌的

　　[大纲词汇] courtesy n.谦恭有礼的，有礼貌的举止(或言词)

　　[衍生词汇] courteous a.谦恭有礼的，殷勤的

　　[经典例句] His boss is genuinely courteous to his subordinates.

　　2. to be fair公平的说

　　[经典例句] To be fair, his success owes much to his wife's help.

　　3. exception特例

　　[大纲词汇] exception n.例外，除外

　　with the exception of除···之外

　　[经典例句] His brothers are all very tall, but he is an exception.

　　4. small-minded心胸狭窄的

　　[扩充词汇] small-minded a.心胸狭隘的，眼界小的；固执己见的

　　[联想记忆] far-sighted有远见的

　　clear-headed头脑清楚的

　　5. ill-mannered无礼的

　　[扩充词汇] ill-mannered a.无礼的，举止粗鲁的

　　6. be hardly known几乎无人知道

　　[经典例句] The truth of the incident was hardly know to anyone.

　　7. break中止

　　[大纲词汇] break n.打断，中止；中间休息

　　[经典例句] We have a study break of four days every semester.

　　8. otherwise不然

　　[大纲词汇] otherwise ad.另样，用别的方法；在其他方面conj.要不然，否则

　　[经典例句] He reminded me what I should have otherwise forgotten.

　　9. existence生活

　　[大纲词汇] existence n.存在，实在；生存，生活(方式)

　　[经典例句] They are working for a better existence.

　　10. live distant from住的离···很远

　　[经典例句] He lives distant from his other relatives.

　　11. diversion消遣

　　[大纲词汇] diversion n.转向，转移

　　[扩充含义] diversion n.消遣，娱乐

　　[经典例句] Big cities have a lot of diversions.

　　12. harsh严酷的

　　[扩充词汇] harsh a.粗糙的，难听的，严厉的，严酷的

　　harshness n.粗糙，严酷，严厉

　　[经典例句] Their adaptiveness came from coping with harsh conditions.

　　13. the frontier (美国)靠近未开发地区的已开发地区

　　[大纲词汇] frontier n.国境，边境；尖端，新领域

　　14. hospitality好客

　　[大纲词汇] hospitality n.好客，殷勤，款待

　　[衍生词汇] hospitable a.好客的，殷勤的

　　[经典例句] We were deeply moved by the hospitality of the farmers.

　　15. settlement定居点

　　[大纲词汇] settlement n.解决，决定，调停；居留区，住宅区

　　[经典例句] Israelis and Palestinians have serious disputes over Israeli new settlements.

　　16. injured受伤的

　　[大纲词汇] injure v.损害，伤害，损伤

　　[衍生词汇] injured n.受损害的，受伤的

　　[经典例句] He found his injured finger caused a lot of trouble.

　　17. charitable乐善好施的

　　[大纲词汇] charity n.慈善(团体)，仁慈，施舍

　　[衍生词汇] charitable a.慈悲的，仁爱的，施舍慷慨的

　　[经典例句] He always takes part in charitable activities.

　　18. impulse冲动

　　[大纲词汇] impulse v.推动n.推动；冲动，刺激

　　[经典例句] She tried to repress the impulse to dial his number.

　　19. on the part of就···而言；在···一边

　　[经典例句] He expressed appreciation on the part of his classmates.

　　20. take in收留

　　[大纲词汇] take in接受，吸收；了解，理解；欺骗

　　[经典例句] Andy took in a stray dog.

　　21. take care of照料

　　[大纲词汇] take care of照料，照顾；承担，处理，负责

　　[经典例句] He asked his girl friend to take care of his dog while he went away for business.

　　22. specialize in专门从事

　　[经典例句] The company specializes in car manufacture.

　　23. weary疲倦的

　　[大纲词汇] weary a.疲倦的；令人厌烦的v.使疲倦，使厌倦

　　[经典例句] The pilot was extremely weary with the long-time flying.

　　24. travel through经过

　　[经典例句] I was travelling through when I saw the accident.

　　25. amazing令人惊讶的

　　[大纲词汇] amaze v.使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹

　　amazing a.令人惊讶的

　　[经典例句] The acrobatic show was amazing to all of us.

　　26. superficial表面的

　　[大纲词汇] superficial a.表面的，肤浅的，浅薄的

　　[经典例句] We were not satisfied with the superficial explanation of the incident.

　　27. artificial矫柔造作的

　　[大纲词汇] artificial a.人工的，人造的；认为的，矫柔造作的

　　[经典例句] She was wearing an artificial smile when appearing at the door.

　　28. the result of···的结果

　　[大纲词汇] result n.结果，成果，成绩v.(in)导致，结果是；(from)起因于，因···而造成

　　as a result结果，因此

　　as a result of由于···的结果

　　[经典例句] We regard our failure as the result of his carelessness.

　　29. a set of一套

　　[经典例句] We expect that a set of rules and regulations will be drawn up.

　　30. convention习俗

　　[大纲词汇] convention n.大会，会议；惯例，常规，习俗；公约，协定

　　[经典例句] Convention now permits women to wear more colorful clothing.

　　31. underlie潜存于···之下

　　[大纲词汇] underlying a.含蓄的，潜在的；在下面的

　　[衍生词汇] underlie a.引起，潜存于···之下

　　[经典例句] Many facts underlay my decision.

　　32. interrelationship互相之间的关系

　　[构词方法] inter-前缀，表示"互相""在···之间"

　　[联想记忆] interact互相作用

　　interdependent互相依赖

　　33. draw conclusion下结论

　　[经典例句] He drew the final conclusion through careful analysis.

　　34. distinguish分辨

　　[大纲词汇] distinguish v.(from)区分，辨别；辨认出；使杰出

　　[经典例句] It is very hard to distinguish the two colors.

　　35. keep up保持

　　[大纲词汇] keep up保持，维持；继续进行，坚持

　　[经典例句] The lady always keeps up her genuine warmth to people.

　　第三部分难句解析

　　1. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

　　[结构剖析]第一个句子使用了there be句型，其中of course是插入语。第二句是主语-系动词-表语结构。第三句话中使用了so…that结构：其中made so frequently是过去分词做定语，修饰前面的observation。

　　[阅读重点]第一句中的of course做插入语，用逗号与句子的其他部分分开,在开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否定，表示肯定：hardly unknown等于pretty well-known.另外注意so…that结构的用法：太…以至于。另外observation这里的意思是因观察而得出的意见。另外it deserves comment中的it指代前面的observation。

　　[参考译文]当然,例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的侍者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。

　　2. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

　　[结构剖析]句子的主干结构是：strangers and travelers were…and brought….

　　[阅读重点]注意diversion在这里的含义是："解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐"，而不是"转移，转向"的意思。

　　[参考译文]陌生人和旅游者是受欢迎的消遣的来源，他们带来外部世界的新闻。

　　3. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

　　[结构剖析]这是一个简单句。traveling alone是现在分词做定语修饰前面的someone，"if hungry, injured, or ill"实际上是简略的if引导的状语从句，相当于：if (he is )hungry, injured or ill.这里做插入成分。另外have sth. +动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语部分，修饰前面的sth.这里就是：没有可以投靠(to turn to/动词不定式)的地方(nowhere/sth.)

　　[阅读重点]注意turn to这里的引申含义是投靠，求助于，求教于的意思。

　　[参考译文]一个人独自旅行的时候，如果饿了，受伤了或生病了，除了最近的小屋或者村落就无处可以投靠了。

　　4. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.

　　[结构剖析]句子的主干结构是：It was not a matter of choice…or merely a charitable impulse…是主语-系动词-表语的结构。表语由并列的两部分组成，由or来连接。

　　[阅读重点] on the part of相当于前面的for，意思是："在…方面，对…而言"。

　　[参考译文]对于旅行者来说，这不是一个可以有多个选择的问题，对于村落里的定居者来说，这也不仅仅是一个发善心的冲动行为。

　　5. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

　　[结构剖析]这个句子的主干结构是：the casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B, but as C.使用了被动语态。其中neither…nor结构后用的是同样词性的成分：形容词superficial和artificial.

　　[阅读重点]注意neither…nor…but结构的使用；既不是…也不是…而是…,重点在but之后。as the/a result of:作为…的结果，由于…而…

　　[参考译文]许多美国人的这种随意的友好态度不应该被看成是肤浅的或虚假的，而应该被作为一种历史上发展而来的文化传统的结果来解释。

　　6. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

　　[结构剖析]句子的主干结构是：…cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies…interrelationships.

　　[阅读重点]注意as在这里是一个代词,表示"这一情况,这一一事实".可以参考以下的例句来理解as的用法:The night had turned cold, as is usual around here.夜晚变得很冷,在这一带经常如此.

　　[参考译文]就如同在任何一个发达社会里一样,在美国，所有社会相互关系下面都隐含着一系列复杂的文化信号、假设和传统观念。

　　第四部分

　　参考答案：5.D 6.A 7.C 8.B

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