考研英语阅读理解动宾结构提问2001年真题解析_新浪教育

考研英语阅读理解动宾结构提问2001年真题解析

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/07/30 14:57 双博士丛书

　　2001年第1篇全真考研题

　　Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.By splitting up the subject mattersintossmaller units,one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis forfurther research.But specialization was only one of a series of related deve

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lopments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity.

　　No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science:exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless,the word“amateur”does carrya connotation that the person concerned is not fully integratedsintosthe scientific community and,in particular,may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century,with its consequent requirement of a longer,more complex training,implied greater problems for amateur participation inscience.The trend was naturally most obvious in thoseareas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training,and can be illustrated in termsof the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a halfreveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research,but also achanging definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.Thus,in the nineteenth century,local geological studies represented worthwhile research intheir own right;but,in the twentieth century,local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate,and reflect on,the wider geological picture.Amateurs,on the other hand,have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs,a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing,first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical consequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century,its full consequenceswere thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally,however,the

　　nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in thestructure of science.

　　51The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as.

　　A.sociology and chemistry

　　B.physics and psychology

　　C.sociology and psychology

　　D.physics and chemistry

　　52We can infer from the passage that.

　　A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization

　　B.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　C.professionals tend to welcome amateurssintosthe scientific community

　　D.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　53The author writes of thedevelopment of geology to demonstrate.

　　A.the process of specialization and professionalization

　　B.the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　C.the change of policies in scientific publications

　　D.the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　54The direct reason for specialization is.

　　A.the development in communication

　　B.the growth of professionalization

　　C.the expansion of scientific knowledge

　　D.the splitting up of academic societies

　　51D细节类比判断题。作者在第1段一开头就指出，专业化是科学知识不断积累的结果。把学科内容分成更小的单位，科学家就能不断处理这些信息，并以此作为进一步研究的基础。在第2段最后一句中又指出，这种趋势在那引进尤其是以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域自然最为明显。英国地质学的发展就能说明这一点。可见，以数学或实验室训练为基础的学科一般是指自然科学，故D“物理学和化学”最为切题。

　　52B该问题是：从文章中我们可以推断出什么。此题我们可用排除法。A答案为：“专业分工和专业化之间没有什么差别”。但我们可以从文章第一段最后两句看出，专业分工和专业化是科学发展的两个方面，两者不同，所以A不符合。C答案为：“专业人员倾向于欢迎业余人员加入到他们的科学团体中去”，可是文章第二段指出专业人员与非专业人员的不同价值和标准，此文第三段指出的专业刊物对业余人员的论文的“高标准”及出现的不同刊物和学术团体，可知C是错误的，D答案和第三段最后一句话的意思明显相违背，所以D也错误。故选B。

　　53A本题属动宾结构提问方式，答案可在文中第二段后一句话(黑体)中找到。该问题是问地质学的发展，用来说明什么问题。我们可以参照文章第三段和第二段最后两行，可知是用来说明“专业分工和专业化形成的过程”故A答案正确。

　　54C该问题问专业分工的直接原因是什么。我们可以根据第一段第一句“专业分工可以看做是对科学知识不断积累问题的反映”得知C答案“科学知识的膨胀”正确，而其他三项均不符合题意。

　　译文

　　可以把专业分工看作是对科学知识的不断积累问题的反映。科学知识按内容类别可分成较小的单元，人们可以继续把握信息并把它作为进一步研究的基础。然而，专业分工只是影响信息交流过程的一系列相关科学发展的一部分。另一部分是科学活动不断地专业化的倾向。

　　在科学上，专业人员和非专业人员之间没有明确的界线：任何规则都有例外。然而，“业余人员”一词确实包含这样的意义：他并没有与科学界集结成一体，特别是可能与专业人员的价值标准的不同。19世纪专业分工的发展要求时间更长、内容更加复杂的培训，这暗示了业余人员参加科学活动具有更大的问题。这一趋势在以数学和实验室培训为基础的科学领域里表现得最为自然和明显。英国地质学的发展可以证明这一问题。

　　将英国最近一个半世纪以来的地质学刊物作比较，可以发现，不仅研究的重要性越来越受到重视，而且，学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。所以，虽然19世纪区域地质学研究的本身代表了有价值的科研活动；但是，在20世纪，区域研究只有在涉及包容、思考更宽范围的问题时，才越来越被专业人员所接受。另一方面，业余人员仍然以旧的方式继续进行区域研究。结果是，业余人员更难在专业的地质刊物上发表论文。19世纪的国家级杂志和20世纪的几家地方地质杂志先后广泛地引入了评审制度，这就使这一问题表现得更为突出。

　　这一发展的结果必然是：出现了以专业读者或非专业读者为主要对象的刊物。另一极其相似的分化过程是，全国的专业地质学者集中在一起，组成一两个专业的团体，然而，非专业人员则倾向于留在地方学会里，或者，以另一种大不相同的方式在全国范围内聚集起来。

　　在19世纪，虽然专业化和专业的分工过程在英国地质学领域内早就开始形成，但其结果充分表现出来却延迟到20世纪。然而，从整个科学领域的范围来讲，19世纪必定被认为是这种科学结构改变的关键期。

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