¡¡¡¡ µÚ1Ò³:section¢ñ Use of English µÚ2Ò³:section¢ò Reading Comprehension--Part A µÚ3Ò³:section¢ò Reading Comprehension--Part B µÚ4Ò³:section¢ò Reading Comprehension--Part C µÚ5Ò³:section¢ó Writing--Part A µÚ6Ò³:section¢ó Writing--Part B µÚ7Ò³:È«ÕæÄ£ÄâÊÔÌâÎå½âÎö

¡¡¡¡Directions:

¡¡¡¡Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

¡¡¡¡Text 1

¡¡¡¡Preventive medicine has as its primary objective the maintenance and promotion of health. It accomplishes this by controlling or manipulating environmental factors that affect health and disease. Additionally, preventive medicine applies preventive measures against disease by such actions as immunization and specific nutritional measures. Third, it attempts to motivate people to adopt healthful lifestyles through education.

¡¡¡¡For the most part, curative medicine has as its primary objective the removal of disease from the patient. It provides diagnostic techniques to identify the presence and nature of the disease process. While these may be applied on a mass basis, they are usually applied after the patient appears with a complaint. Second, it applies treatment to the sick patient. In every case, this is, or should be, individualized according to the particular need of each patient. Third, it utilizes recovery methodologies to return the treated patient to the best possible level of functioning.

¡¡¡¡While it is true that both preventive medicine and curative medicine require cadres of similarly trained personnel such as planners, administrators, and educators, the underlying delivery systems depend upon quite distinctive professional personnel. The requirements for curative medicine call for clinically trained individuals who deal with patients on a one-to-one basis and whose training is based primarily on an understanding of the biological, pathological, and psychological processes which determine an individual¬ðs health and disease status. Preventive medicine, on the other hand, calls for a very broad spectrum of professional personnel, few of whom require clinical expertise.

¡¡¡¡The economic differences between preventive medicine and curative medicine have been extensively discussed. Sickness is almost always a negative, nonproductive, and harmful state. All resources expended to deal with sickness are, therefore, fundamentally economically unproductive. Health, on the other hand, has a very high value in our culture. To the extent that healthy members of the population are replaced by sick members, the economy is doubly burdened. Nevertheless, the per capita cost of preventive measures for specific diseases is generally far lower than the per capita cost of curative medicine applied to treatment of the same diseases.

¡¡¡¡There is an imperative need to provide care for the sick person within a single medical care system, but there is no overriding reason why a linkage is necessary between the two components of a health care system, prevention and treatment. A national health and medical care program composed of semi-autonomous systems for personal health care and medical care would have the advantage of clarifying objectives and strategies and of permitting a more equitable division of resources between prevention and cure.

¡¡¡¡21. The author is primarily concerned to

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý refute an argument.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý draw a distinction.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý discuss a dilemma.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý describe a new research.

¡¡¡¡22. Which of the following is NOT a measure of preventive medicine?

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý Promoting environment-related factors that lead to good health.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý Using effective medicine to recover a patient¡¯s health.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý Encouraging people to lead a healthful life.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý Showing people the benefits of a balanced diet.

¡¡¡¡23. It can be inferred that the author regards a program of controlled fluoridation(¼Ó·ú)of public water supplies as

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý an unnecessary government program which wastes economic resources.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý a potentially valuable strategy of preventive medicine.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý a government policy that has relatively little effect on the health of a population.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý an important element of curative medicine.

¡¡¡¡24. Which of the following best explains the author¡¯s use of the phrase ¡°doubly burdened¡±(Paragraph 4)?

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý A person who is ill not only does not contribute to production, but medical treatment consumes economic resources.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý The per capita cost of preventive measures is only oneª²half of the per capita cost of treatment.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý The division between preventive medicine and curative medicine requires duplication of administrative expenses.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý The person who is ill uses economic resources which could be used to finance prevention rather than treatment programs.

¡¡¡¡25. The main reason the author advocates separating authority for preventive medicine from that for curative medicine is

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý the clarification of objectives of each and appropriate allocation of resources to each.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý the cost of treating a disease is often much greater that the cost of programs to prevent the disease.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý the professionals who administer preventive health care programs must be more highly trained than ordinary doctors.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý preventive medicine is a relatively recent development while curative medicine has a long history.

¡¡¡¡Text 2

¡¡¡¡Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the ¡°law of apparent reality¡±: emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plausible, but emotional responses elicited by works of art raise counter examples.

¡¡¡¡Frijda¬ðs law accounts for my panic if I am afraid of snakes and see an object I correctly appraise as a rattlesnake, and also for my identical response if I see a coiled garden hose I mistakenly perceive to be a snake. However, suppose I am watching a movie and see a snake gliding toward its victim. Surely I might experience the same emotions of panic and distress, though I know the snake is not real. These responses extend even to phenomena not conventionally accepted as real. A movie about ghosts, for example, may be terrifying to all viewers, even those who firmly reject the possibility of ghosts, but this is not because viewers are confusing cinematic depiction with reality. Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality: I am moved by Mozart¡¯s Requiem, but I know that I am not at a real funeral. However, if Frijda¡¯s law is to explain all emotional reactions, there should be no emotional response at all to aesthetic objects or events, because we know they are not real in the way a living rattlesnake is real.

¡¡¡¡Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value. On the other hand, Gombrich argues that emotional responses to art are ersatz: art triggers remembrances of previously experienced emotions. These debates have prompted the psychologist Radford to argue that people do experience real melancholy or joy in responding to art, but that these are irrational responses precisely because people know they are reacting to illusory stimuli. Frijda¡¯s law does not help us to untangle these positions, since it simply implies that events we recognize as being represented rather than real cannot elicit emotion in the first place.

¡¡¡¡Frijda does suggest that a vivid imagination has ¡°properties of reality¡±--implying, without explanation, that we make aesthetic objects or events ¡°real¡± in the act of experiencing them. However, as Sceruton argues, a necessary characteristic of the imaginative construction that can occur in an emotional response to art is that the person knows he or she is pretending. This is what distinguishes imagination from psychotic fantasy.

¡¡¡¡26. Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage?

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for the emotional nature of belief.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý Theories of aesthetic response fail to account for how we distinguish unreasonable from reasonable responses to art.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for emotional responses to art.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý Psychologists are unable to determine what accounts for the changeable nature of emotional responses to art.

¡¡¡¡27. According to the passage, Frijda¡¯s law asserts that emotional responses to events are

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý unpredictable because emotional responses depend on how aware the person is of the reality of an event.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý weaker if the person cannot distinguish illusion from reality.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý more or less intense depending on the degree to which the person perceives the event to be real.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý weaker if the person judges an event to be real but unthreatening.

¡¡¡¡28. The author suggests that Frijda¡¯s notion of the role of imagination in aesthetic response is problematic because it

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý ignores the unself-consciousness that is characteristic of emotional responses to art.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý ignores the distinction between genuine emotion and ersatz emotion.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý ignores the fact that a person who is imagining knows that he or she is imagining.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý suggests that there is no distinction between real and illusory stimuli.

¡¡¡¡29. The author¡¯s assertions concerning movies about ghosts imply that such movies

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý are terrifying in proportion to viewers-beliefs in the phenomenon of ghosts.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý may be just as terrifying as movies about phenomena like snakes.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý are not terrifying because people know that what they are viewing is not real.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý are terrifying to viewers who previously rejected the possibility of ghosts.

¡¡¡¡30. Both Gombrich¡¯s and Radford¡¯s arguments

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý complement Frijda¡¯s observation.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý recognize the distinction between imagination and fantasy.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý emphasize the role of imagination in art creation.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý challenge Frijda¡¯s law.

¡¡¡¡Text 3

¡¡¡¡I was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the Hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh Avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit paunchy but still the champ as far as I was concerned.

¡¡¡¡Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry what they see as outside forces running roughshod over the old Harlem.

¡¡¡¡New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate.

¡¡¡¡History. I miss Mr. Michaux¬ðs bookstore, his House of Common Sense, which was across from the Theresa. He had a big billboard out front with brown and black faces painted on it that said in large letters: ¡°World History Book Outlet on 2 000 000 000 Africans and Nonwhite Peoples.¡± An ugly state office building has swallowed that space.

¡¡¡¡I miss speaker like Carlos Cooks, who was always on the southwest corner of 125th and Seventh, urging listeners to support Africa. Harlem¡¯s powerful political electricity seems unplugged-although the streets are still energized, especially by West African immigrants.

¡¡¡¡Hardworking southern newcomers formed the bulk of the community back in the 1920s and 30s, when Harlem renaissance artists, writers, and intellectuals gave it a glitter and renown that made it the capital of black America. From Harlem, W. E. B. Dubois, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, Zora Hurston, and others helped power America¡¯s cultural influence around the world.

¡¡¡¡By the 1970s and 80s drugs and crime had ravaged parts of the community. And the life expectancy for men in Harlem was less than that of men in Bangladesh. Harlem had become a symbol of the dangers of inner-city life.

¡¡¡¡Now, you want to shout ¡°Lookin-good!¡± at this place that has been neglected for so long. Crowds push into Harlem USA, a new shopping centre on 125th, where a Disney store shares space with HMV Records, the New York Sports Club, and a nine-screen Magic Johnson theatre complex. Nearby, a Rite Aid drugstore also opened. Maybe part of the reason Harlem seems to be undergoing a rebirth is that it is finally getting what most people take for granted.

¡¡¡¡Harlem is also part of an ¡°empowerment zone¡±-a federal designation aimed at fostering economic growth that will bring over half a billion in federal, state, and local dollars. Just the shells of once elegant old brownstones now can cost several hundred thousand dollars. Rents are skyrocketing. An improved economy, tougher law enforcement, and community efforts against drugs have contributed to a 60 percent drop in crime since 1993.

¡¡¡¡31. At the beginning the author seems to indicate that Harlem

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý has remained unchanged all these years.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý has undergone drastic changes.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý has become the capital of black America.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý has remained a symbol of dangers of inner-city life.

¡¡¡¡32. When the author recalls Harlem in the old days, he has a feeling of

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý indifference.£ÛB£Ý discomfort.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý delight.£ÛD£Ý nostalgia.

¡¡¡¡33. Harlem was called the capital of black America in the 1920s and 30s mainly because of its

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý art and culture.£ÛB£Ý immigrant population.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý political enthusiasm.£ÛD£Ý distinctive architecture.

¡¡¡¡34. By saying that ¡°Harlem¡¯s powerful political electricity seems unplugged¡±, the author probably means that

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý Harlem is no longer a center for political activities.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý politics in Harlem affects no other places than the district itself.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý power cut seems to be always inflicted on Harlem.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý the municipal government takes no notice of Harlem¡¯s need for electricity.

¡¡¡¡35. From the last two paragraphs we can infer that, generally speaking, the author

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý has strong reservations about the changes.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý has slight reservations about the changes.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý welcomes the changes in Harlem.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý is completely opposed to the changes.

¡¡¡¡Text 4

¡¡¡¡The extent of a nation¡¯s power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines: freedom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignty. Until the midª²twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters. A nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters(generally extending three miles from the shoreline), within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities. But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial waters.

¡¡¡¡Regardless of whether or not nations enforced regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing. Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility to control such activities in international waters. And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the ¡°open seas¡±, there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.

¡¡¡¡The lack of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this century. By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human activities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreover, the freedom to fish, or overfish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime country wished to see limited. And finally, the technology that later allowed exploitation of other ocean resources, such as oil, did not yet exist.

¡¡¡¡To date, controlling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones, extending territorial authority as far as 200 miles out from a country¡¯s coast, has provided the opportunity for nations individually to manage larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning to understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. Thus it will become more likely that international standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implemented.

¡¡¡¡36. Until the midª²twentieth century there were few jurisdictional disputes over international waters because

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý the nearest coastal nation regulated activities.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý few controls or restrictions applied to ocean areas.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý the ocean areas were used for only innocent purposes.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý broad authority over international waters was shared equally among all nations.

¡¡¡¡37. The author suggests in the third paragraph that, before the midª²twentieth century, most nations-actions indicated that

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý managing ecosystems in either territorial or international waters was given low priority.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý unlimited resources in international waters resulted in little interest in territorial waters.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý a nation¡¯s authority over its citizenry ended at territorial lines.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý nations considered it their responsibility to protect territorial but not international waters.

¡¡¡¡38. Before the midª²twentieth century, nations failed to establish rules protecting their territorial waters because

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý the waters appeared to be unpolluted and to contain unlimited resources.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý the fishing industry would be adversely affected by such rules.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý the size of the area that would be subject to such rules was insignificant.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý the technology needed for pollution control and resource management did not exist.

¡¡¡¡39. From the last paragraph we learn that the extension of fishery zones may be a good thing in that

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý individual nations may in time take on greater responsibility for ocean protection.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý fish populations within coastal waters will increase as a result.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý the international community will begin to formulate laws to regulate human activities there.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý individual nations will make fuller use of ocean resources to benefit themselves.

¡¡¡¡40. The passage as a whole can best be described as

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý a chronology of the events that have led up to a present-day crisis.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý a legal inquiry into the abuse of existing laws and the likelihood of reform.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý a political analysis of the problems inherent in directing national attention to an international issue.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý a historical analysis of a problem that requires international attention.