2. Suffixes

　　Nouns

　　1) –ant, -ent     applicant, component, servant, student

　　2) –er, -or, -ar     employer, interviewer, trainer, painter, New Yorker, Northerner, lighter, cooker, conductor, beggar, arbiter, shipper

　　3) –ee     absentee, abandonee, employee, interviewee, trainee

　　4) –eer     engineer, pioneer

　　5) –an, -ian, -arian     historian, humanitarian, librarian, musician, Canadian

　　6) –ese     Chinese, Japanese

　　7) –ist     artist, Marxist, capitalist, creationist, extremist, futurologist, manicurist, neuroscientist, oncologist, purist

　　8) –ism     socialism, capitalism, mechanism, ableism, ageism, individualism, collectivism, creationism, optimism, pessimism, alphabetism

　　9) -ability, -ibility  ability, flexibility, availability, capability, mutability

　　10) –age  postage, shrinkage, wastage

　　11) –al  arrival, refusal, revival

　　12) –ance, -ence  appearance, reference

　　13) –ancy, -ency  emergency, expectancy, delinquency

　　14) –cy  accuracy, bankruptcy

　　15) –dom     freedom, kingdom, wisdom

　　16) –ery  bravery, cookery

　　17) –ess  actress, lioness

　　18) –ette     cigarette, novelette, cassette

　　19) –ful  handful, spoonful

　　20) –hood     childhood, brotherhood, neighborhood

　　21) –ics     economics, electronics, mechanics, physics, mathematics, politics

　　22) –ion(-sion, -ssion -ition, -ation) decision, discussion, inflation, translation, action, correction, allegation, connotation, depletion, distortion, elimination, emulation, formulation, immunization, integration, manipulation, radiation, recitation, vaccination

　　23) –ity, -ty   reality, curiosity, purity, security, certainty, cruelty, difficulty, loyalty, poverty, safety, municipality, triviality, affinity, diversity, ingenuity, maturity, mediocrity, mobility, sovereignty, timidity

　　24) –ment     movement, agreement, harassment, refinement

　　25) –ness      carelessness, greatness, friendliness, weakness, tiredness, inventiveness

　　26) –ology     futurology, geology, biology, musicology, psychology, anthropology, cosmology

　　27) –ship     hardship, friendship, sportsmanship, editorship

　　28) –th     birth, death, breadth, strength, truth

　　29) -ure  closure, exposure

　　Adjectives

　　30) –able, -ible   acceptable, admissible, avoidable, eatable, countable, notable , suitable, variable, accessible, praisable, sizable, tangible

　　31) –al     educational, additional, normal, natural, essential, detrimental, emotional, parental, patriarchal, promotional, spatial, surgical

　　32) –an, -arian, -ian   suburban, disciplinarian, Canadian, partisan

　　33) –ant, -ent  different, resultant

　　34) –ary, -ory  advisory, customary, complementary, parliamentary

　　35) –ate  considerate, fortunate, passionate

　　36) –en  golden, wooden, woolen

　　37) –ern     northern, southern

　　38) –ese  Chinese, Japanese

　　39) –free  carefree, troublefree

　　40) –ful  careful, painful

　　41) –ic, -ical     atomic, biological, economic, economical, historic, historical, classic, classical, scientific, medical, mechanic, mechanical, hypocritical, psychedelic, psychoactive, strategic, volcanic

　　42) –ish     selfish, childish, womanish, greenish, reddish, yellowish, Swedish, Danish

　　43) –ive  creative, decisive, supportive, adaptive, competitive, hyperactive, persuasive, pervasive, speculative

　　44) –less     useless, fruitless, boundless, groundless, hopeless, jobless

　　45) –like  childlike, ladylike

　　46) –ly, –y, -ry  manly, monthly, hairy, noisy, scary

　　47) –ous, –ious, -uous, -eous     various, continuous, courageous, courteous, harmonious

　　48) –proof     airproof, bulletproof, fireproof, waterproof

　　49) –some     tiresome, lonesome, quarrelsome, troublesome, worrisome

　　50) –ward  downward, homeward

　　51) –ed  purified, farfetched, frenzied

　　Verbs

　　52) –en     deepen, fasten, lengthen, strengthen, harden, liken, tighten

　　53) –ify     beautify, classify, electrify, horrify, identify, modify, simplify, justify, testify, verify, rectify

　　54) –ize, -yze, -ise, -yse     analyze, modernize, industrialize, popularize, specialisation, professionalisation, penalize, urbanize, urbanization, normalize, normalization, politicize

　　Adverbs

　　55) –ly     clearly, easily, quickly, ironically, radically

　　56) –ward, -wards     inward, outward, upward, downward, homeward, northwards

　　57) -wise  clockwise, otherwise

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