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英汉翻译中的"倒行逆施"现象
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/01/02 11:48  英语辅导报

  在将英语句子翻译成汉语句子的过程中,经常会碰到一些"倒行逆施"的现象,即不得不将原有的英语句子结构打乱再将其译成汉语,或者是根据其意义逆着或反着将其译成汉语的现象。其实,这是英汉翻译中所采用的一种逆向翻译法,它旨在使被翻译出来的汉语译文更加通顺、流畅,更加符合汉语的表达习惯。逆向翻译法主要有下列几种类型。

  一、"主""宾"换位译

  所谓主宾换位译是指在翻译时将英语句子中的主语和宾语换一下位置,使其主语译成汉语句子中的宾语,宾语或介词宾语译成汉语句子中的主语。能够换位译的英语句子虽然不是很多,它主要取决于英语句子中的谓语动词,如 fail,happen,occur,desert,deny,appeal,come等,但由这些动词构成的句子却都是地地道道的英语常用句。例如:

  His heart failed him.(他失去了勇气。)

  Such a chance denied me.(我没有得到这样一个机会。)

  If anything should happen to the machine,please let us know.(如果机器出了什么毛病,请通知我们。)

  At the most crucial moment,his self-confidence deserted him.(在最关键的时刻,他失去了信心。)

  The word finally came to me.(我终于记起了那个词。)

  Good works appeal to everyone.(人人都喜爱好的作品。)

  Suddenly a good idea occurred to me.(突然我想到了一个好主意。)

  Something has gone wrong with the computer.(这台计算机出了毛病。)

  二、"前""后"反向译

  前后反向译这种方法主要用在before作连词引导的一些状语从句当中,或用在一些诸如It was not /won't be long before...等固定句型当中。在这些句子中,为了使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯,有时往往不是将before译成"在……之前",而是将其译成"后","以后"或"在……之后"。例如:

  Look before you leap.(三思而后行。)

  I knocked several times before an elderly lady answered the door.(我敲了几次门以后一位老妇人才来开门。)

  New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.(有时候,新思想等待多年以后才能被人们完全接受。)

  It was not long before everyone came to like him.(不久之后人人都开始喜欢起他来了。)

  It won't be long before we work out some plans to promote our sales.(用不了多久以后我们就会拿出促销计划。)

  It will be three years before we can meet again.(三年以后我们才能再见面。)

  It was almost two weeks before they tracked down the facts they needed.(几乎两个星期之后他们才找到所需要的论据。)

  三、"正""反"对调译

  正反对调译这种方法在英汉翻译中使用频率极高,它可以运用在词、短语或句子等各个层面的翻译中。它是指在英语中许多从正面表达的意义,在汉语译文中却要从反面来表达,而在英语中许多从反面表达的意义,汉语译文却又从正面来表达。即正的反着译,反的正着译。例如:

  1.英语从正面表达,汉语译文从反面表达

  Haste makes waste.(欲速则不达。)

  All good things must come to an end.(天下没有不散的宴席。)

  He knew he was mortally ill.(他知道自己得的是不治之症。)

  Excuse me.I'm at a loss in recalling your name.(对不起,我想不起你的名字来。)

  2.英语从反面表达,汉语译文从正面表达

  His story was nothing but lies.(他的那番话纯粹是谎言。)

  Our advice was not lost on him.(我们的劝告对他起了作用。)

  Such things couldn't long escape notice.(这类事情迟早会被人发觉的。)

  The police were not going to lose sight of him.(警察将会继续监视他的行踪。)

  四、"正""反"对调译在固定句型中的应用

  正反对调译这种翻译方法除了在词、短语或句子等中大量使用以外,还经常被使用在一些常用的固定句型当中。例如:

  1.在not...until句型中(从正面表达)

  We did not notice this matter until yesterday.(直到昨天我们才注意到这件事。)

  It was not until the teacher came that we began the experiment.(直到老师来了我们才开始做实验。)

  2.在It is /has /had...since句型中(从反面表达)

  It is two months since Bill has smoked a cigar.(比尔已经有两个月不吸烟了。)

  It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat and drink.(我没吃没喝已经六、七个小时了。)

  3.在too...to句型中(从反面表达)

  This book is too difficult for me to read.(这本书太难,我看不懂。)

  Instances are too numerous to list.(例子多得举不胜举。)

  4.在can't /cannot...too /over /enough

  句型中(从正面表达)

  You can't be too /over careful when you drive a car.(开车时你务必小心谨慎。)

  We cannot be thankful enough to them.(我们对他们万分感激。)

  5.在can't /couldn't +do +comparison句型中(从正面表达)

  I couldn't agree more about it.(我对此非常赞同。)

  She couldn't have explained it more clearly.(她把那件事解释得够清楚了。)

  6.在would rather...than句型中(从反面表达)

  I would rather go out for a walk than stay in the room doing nothing.(我宁愿到外面去散步也不愿呆在房间里什么事也不做。)

  I'm sure he would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction.(我相信他宁愿辞职也不会参与那样一桩不正当的交易。)

  7.在know better than to do句型中(从反面表达)

  You should know better than to make noise while the others are sleeping.(你应该知道在别人睡觉时吵闹是不对的。)

  He ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.(他应该知道饭后直接去游泳是不好的。)

  以上只是对英汉翻译中经常碰到的一些"倒行逆施"现象作了些初步的探讨,未曾触及到的各类现象还有很多。因为毕竟英汉两种语言分别来自于两种不同的民族,反映着两种不同的民族文化,只有不断学习,不断探索,才能不断发现其中的奇异之处,从而使翻译出来的语言更加符合本民族的语言表达习惯。

  (文/江苏工业学院 孟献民; 英语通大学英语四级考试版03~04学年第10期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)




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