首页 新闻 体育 娱乐 游戏 邮箱 搜索 短信 聊天 天气 答疑 导航


新浪首页 > 新浪教育 > 英语辅导报社专栏 > 虚拟语气的常见用法及测试重点

虚拟语气的常见用法及测试重点
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/01/02 12:06  英语辅导报

  笔者对1995年1月-2000年6月大学英语四级考试的12套试卷中词汇与语法结构部分进行了分析,发现每套试题中有2-4个小题测试虚拟语气的常见用法。由此可见,虚拟语气是四级考试的必考项目。本文拟以四级考试真题为例,总结和归纳了虚拟语气的常见用法,以帮助同学们学好用好虚拟语气,并在考试中取得更好的成绩。

  一、用于虚拟条件句

  1.用于带有连词if的虚拟条件句

  虚拟语气用于虚拟条件句中可以表示:(1)与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用did(be用were),主句谓语动词用would(should, could,might)+do;(2)与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词用had done,主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+ have done;(3)与将来事实相反,从句谓语动词用did(should+do或were + to do),主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+do。例如:

  1)If the whole operation ________ beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lost.(CET-4,99.6,43)

  A.was not planned

  B.has not been planned

  C.had not been planned

  D.were not planned

  [译文]要是整个手术当时没有预先计划好的话,大量的时间和金钱就白花了。

  [简析]根据主句的谓语形式would have been lost和句意可知,该句为表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,故从句中谓语形式应为C。

  2.用于省略连词if的虚拟条件句

  在上述用法中,当从句中含有were,had或should时,可省略if,将were,had或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装。例如:

  2)Had he worked harder,he ________ the exams.(CET-4,97.6,42)

  A.must have got through

  B.would have got through

  C.would get through

  D.could get through

  [译文]他当时要是学习努力点的话,就会通过这些考试了。

  [简析]本句从句为省略if,将had提前形成倒装的结构,其谓语形式为had done,表示与过去事实相反。据此可知,主句谓语形式应为would +have done,也是表示与过去事实相反。故最佳答案为B。

  3)________ right now,she would get there on Sunday.(CET-4,96.6,42)

  A.Would she leave B.If she leaves

  C.Were she to move D.If she had left

  [译文]她要是马上动身的话,星期天就到那儿了。

  [简析]本句为与将来事实相反的虚拟条

  件句,从句为省略if的倒装结构。从句谓语应为were +to do形式,故正确答案为C。

  3.用于错综时间虚拟条件句

  虚拟条件句中主、从句所表示的时间并非总是像以上各例那样是一致的。有时,从句表示与过去事实相反,而主句表示与现在事实相反;有时,从句表示与现在事实相反,主句表示与过去事实相反。因此,在选用谓语动词的形式时,应根据主、从句所表示的不同的时间来考虑问题。例如:

  4)If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you ________ now.(CET-4,99.1,60)

  A.wouldn't be smiling

  B.couldn't have smiled

  C.won't smile

  D.didn't smile

  [译文]你掉下来时,要不是我在梯子下面把你接住,恐怕你就不会像现在这样笑了。

  [简析]该句if从句中谓语形式表示与过去事实相反,而主句谓语形式从逻辑意义上看应表示与现在事实相反,故应选择A。请注意句中表示时间的词语:when you fell表示过去的时间;now表示现在的时间。

  4.用于含蓄虚拟条件句

  虚拟条件句中表示条件的if从句常被其它词语取而代之。这些词语常见的有:but for, provided(that),supposing,without等。有时if从句的含义还可通过上下文来暗示。因此,虚拟条件句中并非总是有if从句存在。我们称这种虚拟条件句为含蓄虚拟条件句。例如:

  5)Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.(CET-4, 2000.1,70)

  A.must make B.should have made

  C.would make D.could have made

  [译文]如果不是呆在家里,一些妇女本来能得到很高的薪水,但是出于对家庭的考虑,她们才决定不去工作。

  [简析]本题中instead of短语暗示了if从句的含义;but分句中的谓语动词decided表明了过去的时间。故应选择表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气谓语形式。could have made意为"本来能够取得",符合题意。故应选D。

  6)We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we ________ him.(CET-4,95.6, 46)

  A.would have telephoned

  B.must have telephoned

  C.would telephone

  D.had telephoned

  [译文]我们不知道他的电话号码,否则,我们会打电话给他。

  [简析]本句为含蓄虚拟条件句,前一分句和副词otherwise暗示了"If we had known his telephone number"之意,表示与过去事实相反,故第二分句的谓语动词应选用与此相一致的虚拟语气谓语形式,即would +have done形式。因此,正确答案为A。

  二、用于某些名词性从句

  虚拟语气用于某些名词性从句中常可表示愿望、建议、要求、请求或命令,其谓语动词形式用"(should +)原形动词"。

  1.用于与某些动词相关的宾语从句和主语从句

  要求其后的宾语从句和主语从句用"(should +)原形动词"型虚拟语气谓语形式的动词常见的有:suggest, order, direct, demand,propose, command, request,desire, insist, advise, beg, decide, deserve, determine, prefer, recommend, require, urge, ask, suppose, move (提议)等。其基本句型为(以suggest为例):I

  suggest that...(宾语从句)/It is suggested that...(主语从句)。例如:

  7)As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces,I have directed that all measures ________ for our defence.(CET-4,99.6,62)

  A.had been taken B.would be taken

  C.be taken D.to be taken

  [译文]我作为武装部队的总司令命令采取一切措施进行防御。

  [简析]direct(相当于order)为表示主观要求、提议、命令的词,其后的宾语从句中用"(should +)原形动词"表示虚拟。故正确答案为C。

  8)It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ________ after 11 o'clock at night.(CET-4,96.1,28)

  A.were not played B.not to play

  C.not be played D.did not play

  [译文]旅馆管理部门恳求客人晚上11点之后不要开收音机。

  [简析]request为表示要求的动词,其后的主语从句中应用"(should +)原形动词"表示虚拟,否定式直接在原形动词前加not。故本题答案为C。

  2.用于与某些形容词相关的主语从句和宾语从句

  要求位于其后面的主语从句和宾语从句用"(should +)原形动词"型虚拟语气谓语形式的形容词常见的有:advisable, crucial, essential, imperative, important, incredible, natural, preferable, urgent, vital, best /better 等。其基本句型为(以advisable为例):It is advisable that...(主语从句);I think it advisable that...(宾语从句)。例如:

  9)It is essential that these application forms back as early as possible.(CET-4, 2000.1,64)

  A.must be sent B.will be sent

  C.are sent D.be sent

  [译文]这些申请表应尽早寄回,这是很重要的。

  [简析]由于形容词essential的要求,that引导的主语从句中谓语动词应用"(should+)原形动词"表示虚拟。当谓语动词为被动语态时,用"原形be+过去分词"。故正确答案为D。

  10)I don't think it advisable that Tom ________ to the job since he has no experience.(CET-4,97.6,55)

  A.is assigned B.will be assigned

  C.be assigned D.has been assigned

  [译文]汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。

  [简析]由于形容词advisable,其后that引导的宾语从句中谓语动词应用"(should +)原形动词"表示虚拟。故正确答案为C。

  3.用于与某些名词相关的表语从句和同位语从句

  要求位于其后面的表语从句和同位语从句用"(should +)原形动词"型虚拟语气谓语形式的名词常见的有:suggestion, proposal, advice, recommendation, order, idea, plan, decision, instruction, insistence, preference, necessity, requirement, resolution, motion, desire等。其基本句型为(以suggestion为例):The suggestion is that...(表语从句)/The suggestion that ...(同位语从句)。例如:

  11)We are all for your proposal that the discussion ________.(CET-4,98.6,68)

  A.be put off B.was put off

  C.should put off D.is to put off

  [译文]我们都支持你提出的推迟讨论的建议。

  [简析]名词proposal要求其后的同位语

  从句谓语用"(should +)原形动词"表示虚拟。当从句谓语为被动语态时,应用"原形be+过去分词"。故正确答案为A。

  三、用于wish后的宾语从句

  wish表示强烈的主观愿望,其后的宾语从句通常用虚拟语气。表示对过去事件的愿望用"过去完成时"或"could /would +have done";表示与现在习惯或事实相反的愿望用"过去时"或"were doing(持续性动词)";表示对未来事件的愿望用"could /would do"或"were doing(瞬间动词)"。例如:

  12)I wish I ________ longer this morning,but I had to get up and come to class.(CET-4,95.6,45)

  A.could have slept B.slept

  C.might have slept D.have slept

  [译文]我真希望今天早上能多睡一会儿,可我不得不起床去上课。

  [简析]wish后的宾语从句带有明显的过去时间状语,而且but后的分句是过去时,因此wish后的宾语从句指与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词应用"could +have done"形式。故最佳答案为A。

  四、用于would rather('d rather)后的宾语从句

  would rather('d rather)意为"宁愿"、"宁可",其后的宾语从句要求用"过去时"这一虚拟语气形式,表示与现在或将来事实相反的愿望。例如:

  13)The manager would rather his daughter ________ in the same office.(CET-4,2000.6,48)

  A.had not worked B.not to work

  C.does not work D.did not work

  [译文]这位经理宁愿女儿不和他在同一办公室工作。

  [简析]would rather后的宾语从句表示与现在事实相反的愿望,其谓语动词应用过去时表示虚拟。故正确答案为D。

  五、用于It's(high /about)time后的 that从句

  It's(high /about)time that从句这一句型中,that从句的谓语动词应用"过去时"表示虚拟。整个句型表达"该到……时候了"或"该……"之意。that常被省略。例如:

  14)"You are very selfish.It's high time you ________ that you are not the most important person in the world,"Edgar said to his boss angrily.(CET-4,99.1,57)

  A.realized B.have realized

  C.realize D.should realize

  [译文]埃德加怒气冲冲地对老板说:"你太自私了。你也该认识到你并非是这个世界上最重要的人物。"

  [简析]It's high time后的从句的谓语动词常用"过去时"表示对现在情况的虚拟。故最佳答案为A。

  六、用于lest,for fear that(以防,惟恐)引导的状语从句

  在lest,for fear that等引导的状语从句中,通常用"(should +)原形动词"这一虚拟语气形式。例如:

  15)The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ________ himself.(CET-4,98.1,38)

  A.injure B.had injured

  C.injured D.would injure

  [译文]疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的小房间,以防他伤到自己。

  [简析]lest引导的状语从句一般用"(should +)原形动词"虚拟语气谓语形式。故正确答案为A。

  (文/河北农业大学 赵庭弟 安玉青; 英语通大学英语四级考试版03~04学年第10期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)




英语学习论坛】【评论】【 】【打印】【关闭
Annotation

新闻查询帮助



文化教育意见反馈留言板电话:010-62630930-5178 欢迎批评指正

新浪简介 | About Sina | 广告服务 | 招聘信息 | 网站律师 | SINA English | 会员注册 | 产品答疑

Copyright © 1996 - 2003 SINA Inc. All Rights Reserved

版权所有 新浪网
北京市通信公司提供网络带宽