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英语语法讲解：定语从句关系代词的用法

http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/01/18 16:26 英语辅导报

　　定语从句中关系代词的选用往往是很多同学难以掌握的，本文就复习过程中的难点以及关系代词的一些特殊用法加以举例分析：

　　一.who与that指人时的区别：

　　1.非限制性定语从句中，只能用who不能用that。例如：

　　His mother,who was tired,gave him alesson.

　　2.指人的代词those习惯用who。例如：

　　Those who are against put up your hands.

　　二.which和that的区别：

　　1只用which,不用that的情况。

　　1)which可用在非限制性定语从句中。例如：

　　The project,which lasted four years,cost one billion dollars.这项工程历时四年，耗资十亿美元。

　　2)which可用前置介词宾语。例如：

　　This is the house in which we lived three years ago.这是我们三年前住过的那所房子。

　　2只用that，不用which的情况。

　　1)that相当于关系副词when,where,why,in the way＝in which。例如：

　　I'll never forget the Monday that /when you first arrived.我将永远不会忘记你初到的那个星期一！

　　Do you know anywhere that I can get fruit?

　　你知道我能在哪里买到水果吗？

　　I like the place for the very reason that/why you dislike it.我喜欢那地方的原因，恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。

　　He doesn't see things the way that /in which we see them.他看问题跟我们不一样。

　　2)that既可指物，也可指人。例如：

　　The people that worked on the project made a good effort.从事那项工程的人们做了很大努力。

　　3)当主句以here,there开头时，常用that。例如：

　　Here is the place that you've been looking for.这就是你一直找的地方。

　　4)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，常用that。例如：

　　The first(thing)that should bed one is to get the book.应该做的第一件事是弄到那本书。

　　This is the best place that I've ever visit-ed.这是我曾参观过的最好的地方。

　　5)当先行词是all,anything,nothing(something除外),none,little,much时，常用that。例如：

　　Is this all that's left?这就是剩下的所有东西吗？

　　Have you got anything that belongs tome?你有没有拿过属于我的东西？

　　6)当先行词被no,little,only,very,the last等修饰时，常用that。例如：

　　The only thing that could be done is to find

　　our way home.唯一能做的事情就是要找到回家的路。

　　7)当先行词是两个或两个以上的词分别表示人和物时用that。例如：

　　They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.他们谈到了他们熟悉的老师和学校。

　　8)在以which，who开头的句子中常用that。例如：

　　Which is the car that killed the man?撞死那个男子的小车是哪一辆？

　　9)time是先行词时，前面如有序数词或last修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导或省略。例如：

　　This is the last time(that)I shall give you a letter.

　　The first time(that)I saw him was last year.

　　三.as用在such...as,the same...as,so/as...as结构中，as从句后可用省略形式。例如：

　　Here is so big a stone as I can't carry it.这个石头太大了，我搬不动它。

　　My hometown is no longer the same(one)as it was.我的家乡跟从前不一样了。

　　He lived about the same time as Shakespeare.他和莎士比亚生活在同一时代。

　　注：在the same...as ,the same...that中，当as从句和that从句都属定语从句的范畴时，as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物"相似"，即同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的是"同一的"即指同一事物。例如：

　　This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的。

　　This is the same(＝the very bag)that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。

　　四.which,as的异同：

　　1.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语，指整个主句或主句的一部分。例如：

　　The meeting was put off,which /as was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。

　　This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.这头大象像条蛇，任何人都能看得出这一点。

　　2.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作表语，指代主句中的表语。例如：

　　She was very patient to friends ,as /which her sister seldom was.她对朋友很有耐心，她妹妹很少有耐心。

　　3.as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，其后的动词必须是be或其它连系动词，而which不受此限制。例如：

　　I watched the TV play yesterday,which pleased me.我昨天看了这部电视剧，这使我很高兴。

　　The president died,as /which seemed true.那位总统死了，这好像是真的。

　　4.由as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句尾，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可位于句尾。例如：

　　众所周知，并不是所有闪光的东西都是金子。

　　As everyone knows,all that glitters is not gold.

　　All that glitters,as everyone knows，is not gold.

　　All that glitters is not gold，as everyone knows.

　　5.当非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词为be announced /expected /known /imagined /

　　pointed out /said /reported /shown等被动形式，或usually happen,be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时，常用as，而不宜用which。例如：

　　The Chinese are working-hard,as is known to all.中国人是勤劳的，这是众所周知的。

　　Kate was late for school,as often happened.凯特上学迟到了，这是她常发生的事。

　　6.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作定语，而as则不行。例如：

　　My father asked her to send for a doctor right away,which advice she took.我父亲叫她立刻派人请大夫，她采纳了这个建议。

　　7.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作介词的宾语，而as则不行。例如：

　　I called him by the wrong name ,for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他道了歉。

　　8.which可在限制性定语从句中或非限制性定语从句中修饰单个名词，而as则不可以。例如：

　　The problem,which was discussed just now，put us in a difficult situation.

　　The house which I bought last year is expensive.我去年买的那所房子很贵。

　　五.which与whose作定语时的区别：

　　which与whose均可以在定语从句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，仅指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；"whose＋名词"与先行词不表示同一事物或情况。例如：

　　He is studying Chinese,which knowledge is very important now.

　　Peter spent three years in France,during which time he learnt French.

　　The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.

　　It was an island whose name I have forgotten.

　　注：定语从句中whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of whom /which。例如：

　　坐在那边的那个男孩，他哥哥是个教师。

　　The boy，whose brother is a teacher,is sitting over there.

　　＝The boy,the brother of whom is a teacher,is sitting over there.

　　我们住在那间房里，房间的窗户破了。

　　We live in the room,whose window is broken.

　　＝We live in the room,the window of which is broken.

　　巩固练习：请选出最佳答案。

　　1.The bridge ____ a big ship can go has been built.

　　A.under which B.under that C.in which D.on which

　　2.The book ____ is torn is mine.

　　A.the cover of which

　　B.the cover of that

　　C.which the cover D.whose cover of

　　3.He talked about the classmates and the school ____ he had visited.

　　A.who B.that C.which D.about which

　　4.You have seen the girl ____ sister is a Chinese teacher.

　　A.whom B.of whom C.whose D.of which

　　5.We should do all ____ is useful to people.

　　A./B.that C.it D.which

　　6.We came to a place ____ they had never paid a visit before.

　　A.which B.in which C.on which D.to which

　　7.Those ____ finished doing it put up your hands.

　　A.who have B.who has C.which have D.have

　　8.This is the only one of the buildings that ____ last year.

　　A.was built B.were built C.has been built D.have been built

　　9.The man ____ was a friend of mine.

　　A.that you just talked to

　　B.whom you just talked to him

　　C.who you just talked to him

　　D.which you just talked to

　　10.I went to the school ____ my father once worked.

　　A.that B.which C.where D.on which

　　11.Is this lab ____ they visited yesterday？

　　A.which B.the one C.that D.to which

　　Keys：1-5AABCB 6-11DAAACB

　　(文/甘肃武都汪代云；英语通高三版2003学年第10期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)

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