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语法辅导篇：一“雨”道破虚拟语气

http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/03/02 22:05 英语辅导报

　　英语有三种语气，比较其他两种：叙述事实的陈述句、直接或生硬地表达要求和命令的祈使句，虚拟语气就像一个交际高手，非常善于把话说得礼貌、委婉、客观且情感到位，因此从内容和形式上都显得比较复杂。归纳起来，主要表达以下内容：

　　与事实相反的，或实现的可能性极小的愿望和假设；

　　委婉、客观地表达要求、建议和命令等；

　　委婉地表示责备、希望、遗憾和提醒；

　　表示惊奇、高兴、难过、后悔等情感。

　　许多同学对虚拟语气的认识如雾里看花。为了简化内容，便于大家观察、复习并掌握其形式的变化，下面提供的全部是用虚拟语气表达的有关"雨"的信息的句子。

　　A.主观愿望和假设

　　a)带"wish,if only,would rather /would just as soon /would sooner /would prefer"的句子

　　我希望现在就下雨。I wish that it could rain.

　　人们希望现在就下雨！It is wished that it could rain.

　　我希望现在正下着雨。I wish it were raining now.

　　要是能下雨该多好啊！If only it could rain!How I wish it could rain!

　　我真希望昨天下雨了。(或：昨天要是下雨就好了；我宁愿昨天下雨了)

　　I would rather it had rained yesterday.

　　I would just as soon it had rained yesterday.

　　I would sooner it had rained yesterday.

　　I would prefer it had rained yesterday.

　　I wish that it had rained yesterday.

　　b)带"if it were not for /if it had not been for和suppose"的虚拟条件句

　　假如现在下雨，你回来吗？Supposing it were raining,would you come?

　　如果现在下雨怎么办？Supposing it should rain?

　　如果没有那场大雨，就不会发生洪水。If it were not for the heavy rain,there would not be a flood.

　　如果没有你的帮助，我们就会被大雨浇了。If it had not been your help,we would have been caught in the rain.

　　c)用倒装句式，省略连词"if"的虚拟条件句

　　如果当时有辆出租车的话，我们就不会被雨浇了。Had a taxi been available,we would not have been caught in the rain.

　　如果我是科学家，我就会研究如何控制降雨。Were I a scientist,I would study how to control the rain.

　　如果明天下雨，我们就会呆在家里。Should it rain tomorrow,we would stay at home.

　　d)错综时间虚拟条件句：主句和从句的动作发生在不同时间，这时需要根据意思采用表示不同时间的动词时态

　　如果是我，我就会带上雨衣了。If I were you,I would have taken the raincoat with me.

　　如果他听我的，他就不会被雨浇了。If he had listened to me,he would not be caught in the rain.

　　e)含蓄条件：假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，而是隐含在一个含有介词without,but for,but that或连词but，副词otherwise和比较级等的上下文中。

　　没有那场雨水，庄稼就会干死了。

　　Without the rain,there would be a drought.

　　But for the rain,the crops would die.

　　But that there was rain,the crops would have died.

　　雨要是再大一点就会把庄稼浇透了。

　　A heavier rain would have watered the crops more thoroughly.

　　我倒是想去为你送行，但现在正下雨呢。

　　It's raining,otherwise I would have gone to see you off.

　　I would be very glad to go and see you off,but it's raining.

　　B.委婉提出建议、要求和命令

　　雨停了，我们该上路了。

　　The rain has stopped.It's(high)time we started.

　　要下雨了，我们还是明天走吧。

　　It's going to rain.Suppose we started tomorrow.(suppose表示建议)

　　在大雨来临之前必须完成大楼的施工。

　　It's imperative that the construction of the building(should)be completed before the heavy rain.(主语从句)

　　命令如下：在大雨来临之前必须完成大楼的施工。

　　The order is that the construction of the building(should)be completed before the heavy rain.(表语从句)

　　他们命令在大雨来临之前必须完成大楼的施工。

　　They ordered that the construction of the building(should)be completed before the heavy rain.(宾语从句)

　　在大雨来临之前完成大楼施工的命令被撤销了。

　　The order that the construction of the building should be completed before the heavy rain was cancelled.(同位语从句)

　　注释：大部分客观礼貌地表达观点、希望、建议、命令、要求、偏好、决定等概念范畴的形容词、动词和名词，都用虚拟语气。其形式可采用例句所示的不同的名词从句。

　　形容词essential,urgent,necessary,important,advisable,desired,natural,desirable,preferable,required,suggested

　　名词advice,command,demand,desire,idea,mo- tion,preference,insistence,suggestion,recommenda- tion,request,requirement

　　动词ask,advise,demand,decide,insist,move, prefer,propose,command,require,urge

　　C.表示惊奇、高兴、遗憾等较强烈的感情

　　真奇怪竟然下雨了！

　　It is surprising that it should rain!

　　这个季节下雨，简直是个奇迹！

　　It is simply a miracle that it should rain in such a season!

　　本应该早一点下雨。瞧，庄稼都快干死了。

　　It should(ought to)have rained earlier.Look!The crops are dying from the drought.

　　D"as if"和"in case"引导的句子

　　他全身湿透好像淋了雨似的。

　　He is wet all over and looks as if he had been caught in a rain.

　　他在雨中走得很舒服好像在淋浴。

　　He looks so comfortable walking in the rain as if he were having a shower.

　　带上雨伞以防下雨

　　Take the umbrella in case it should rain.

　　笔者后记：希望同学们在学习过程中，善于把复杂的内容简单化，创造性地掌握一些较枯燥和复杂的东西。

　　(文/北京工商大学范燕燕；英语辅导报大学二年级版03～04学年第11、12期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)

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