在英语测试中,命题人为了增大试题的迷惑性,全面考查考生运用英语的能力,通常会采用一种形似实非的毗邻现象来迷惑考生.如果不注意区分这些假毗邻成分并找出真正的句型结构的话就很容易误选答案.正确识别假毗邻现象既可以提高同学们对复杂句型结构的正确运用,也可提高书面表达能力.现笔者结合考题来谈谈如何识别这种假毗邻现象的方法.

　　一、利用定语从句构成假毗邻

　　[考例1] Abraham Lincoln's stepmother did all she could ______ him.

　　A. help B. helped C. helping D. to help

　　[分析]从形式上看,could后应用动词原形,因此,许多考生不假思索地误选A.其实she could后省去了动词do,该句子是一个省略that的定语从句.根据句子结构,应该用不定式表目的,故D项正确.

　　[考例2] The book Miss Black is fond of ______ the city library.

　　A. belong to B. belongs to C. belonging to D. to belong to

　　[分析]句中的Miss Black is fond of是一个定语从句,将其去掉就明显看出主句缺少谓语动词,故B项正确.

　　二、利用被动语态构成假毗邻

　　[考例1] Ways must be thought of ______ the balance of nature.

　　A. keep B. keeping C. to keep D. being kept

　　[分析]由于受介词of的影响,多数考生误选B,其实本题是被动句,其主动句是think of ways to do sth.,即"想出办法干某事",故C项正确.此题可改为:Ways must be thought of to keep the balance of nature.

　　[考例2] It's reported that young people in the university are called on ______ where they are most needed.

　　A. go B. going C. to go D. to be going

　　[分析]由于受介词on的影响,许多考生误选B,本题其实也是一个被动句.其主动形式是call on sb. to do sth. ,即"要求某人干某事",故C项正确.

　　三、利用状语从句构成假毗邻

　　[考例1] The man ran as fast as he could ______ the first train to Paris.

　　A. catch B. catching C. caught D. to catch

　　[分析]受题中情态动词could的影响,有些考生误选A,其实题中的as he could是一个状语从句,其后省略了动词run,因此,后面的动作应该用不定式来表目的,故D项正确.

　　[考例2] We should spend as much time as we can ______ over our lessons.

　　A. go B. went C. going D. to go

　　[分析]由于受题中can的影响,大多数考生选择A,有些成绩好点的考生选择D,其实本题真正的句子结构是:We should spend much time going over our lessons.由此可知C项正确.

　　四、将疑问句变为陈述句构成假毗邻

　　[考例1] "Is ______ you want to say?" the manager asked.

　　A. this B. that C. all that D. that all

　　[分析]本题难度较大,大多数考生从形式看误选C,部分考生根据句意误选了A或B,其实如果把疑问句变为陈述句,答案就清楚了,即:That is all I want to say.故D项正确.

　　[考例2] Who would you rather have ______ with you?

　　A. go B. going C. gone D. to go

　　[分析]本题难度亦较大,出错率高,绝大多数考生有可能选C或D.如果将疑问句变为陈述句:You would rather have sb. go with you.答案就出来了,故A项正确.其中would rather是情态动词,意为"宁愿".

　　五、利用插入语构成假毗邻

　　[考例1] What do you think ______ her so angry?

　　A. making B. made C. make D. to make

　　[分析]题中的do you think是插入语,将其去掉就知What是主语,句子缺少谓语动词,故B项正确.

　　[考例2] Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ______ ,of course, made the others unhappy.

　　A. who B. which C. this D. what

　　[分析]此题难就难在of course插入语将从句的谓语与空格分开了,将其去掉就知定语从句缺少关系代词,根据题干知B项正确.注意,此定语从句的先行词应是前面整个句子.

　　六、利用感叹句构成假毗邻

　　[考例1] No one can imagine what great trouble I've had ______ the gold medal.

　　A. won B. winning C. to win D. to be winning

　　[分析]从形式上看,大多数考生会选A项,误认为是完成时态.事实上,题中的宾语从句是由what构成的感叹句形式,其句型是have great trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.,故B项正确.

　　[考例2] You don't know how much trouble I went to ______ the dictionary for you.

　　A. buy B. bought C. buying D. have bought

　　[分析]本题结构与上题相同,宾语从句的句型是go to much trouble doing sth. ,故C项正确.

　　七、利用短语构成假毗邻

　　[考例1] A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.

　　A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered

　　[考例2] E-mail, as well as telephones, ______ an important part in daily communication.

　　A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play

　　[分析]此二题均是考查主谓一致,但均在真正的主语后带有一个修饰主语的短语,将其去掉可知两小题均是A项正确.

　　[实践演练]

　　1. The fellow I spoke to ______ at first.

　　A. make no answer

　　B. made no answer

　　C. be made no answer

　　D. making no answer

　　2. The way she thought of ______ enough money was to sell her hair.

　　A. to get B. get C. gets D. having got

　　3. The greatest film-makers referred ______ Charlie Chaplin and Walt Disney.

　　A. to is B. to be C. to are D. to going to be

　　4. Before he went abroad he spent as much time as he could ______ English.

　　A. practising speaking

　　B. practise speaking

　　C. practise to speak

　　D. practising to speak

　　5. I like to do it because it is ______ interesting work.

　　A. an_______ B. a_______ C. /_______ D. one of

　　6. The doctor did what he could ______ his patient.

　　A. to saving B. save C. saved D. to save

　　7. The man we are looking forward to ______ a hero.

　　A. being B. to be C. is D. are

　　8. She is often listened ______ on TV.

　　A. to sing B. sing C. singing D. to to sing

　　9. He made another wonderful discovery, ______ of great importance to science.

　　A.which I think is

　　B.which I think it is

　　C.which I think it

　　D.I think is

　　Key: 1-5 C A C A C 6-9 D C D A

　　(文/耿志华《英语通》高二版2004年第2期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)