教学参考:no 与not 带同一结构表达的意义例析 |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/04/09 08:46 英语辅导报 |
I. no teacher/not a teacher 例句:A. He is no teacher. B. He is not a teacher. 简析:B句中not a表示不强调的否定,A句中no(其后的名词前不加a)表示强调的否定。B句指"他在(职业上)不是教师。"而A句是说"他不善于教书,他的书教得不好,不是教书的材料,他没有当教师的天份或艺术"等。说此话的人在职业上可是教师,也可能不是教师。这就是说,在A句里,no并不是否定某种职业或类属,而是否定从事某种职业的特征、技巧、素养或天份。有时则是表示主语具有表语所表达的人或事物的反面属性。又如: He is no friend of ours.他是我们的敌人。 He is no fool. =He is very intelligent / clever.他很精明。 He is no genius. =He is foolish. He is no youngster. =He is quite old. 类似这样的说法还有:no doubt"无疑地;肯定地;的确"或"想必;大概";no joke"不是小事;是严肃认真的事";no problem"没问题;没关系";in no time"很快;马上"。 II. no more, no longer / not...any more, not...any longer 例句:A. I saw him no more / no longer. B. He no longer bought books. C. Hurry up!I can't wait any more / any longer. D. There is not any more bread. E. There is no more bread. 简析:在正式语体中,no more可表示"""过去发生的情况现在不再发生了",这时可以用no longer来表达。只不过二者在句中的位置不同。no more一般位于句尾,no longer在句中的位置比较灵活,可用于实义动词之前。助动词或连系动词之后或位于句尾、句首。所以,上述B句不能改写为:He no more bought books.只能改写为:He bought books no more. 传统的语法认为,not...any longer只能修饰延续性动词,如live, stay, wait, work等,要修饰表示终止性的动词,如go, leave, buy等时,须用no more或not...any more表示"不再"。实际上有很多英语实例足以证明上述区别并不存在。如上述A句、B句和C句。又如: 1. The baby didn't cry any more. 2. He is not hungry any more. 3. We couldn't stand it any more.我们不能再忍受了。 4. He doesn't work here any more / any longer. 5. Smoking is so bad for his health that he doesn't smoke any more / any longer. 6. No longer are they staying with us. III. not+形容词比较级+than / no+形容词比较级+than 例句: A. His English is not better than mine. B. His English is no better than mine. C. She is not less clever than her elder sister. D. She is no less clever than her elder sister. E. She has not less than two daughters. F. She has no less than two daughters. 简析:(1)not better than与no better than所表达的意思是完全不同的。前者是指"甲不比乙好(强)",只是简单地进行程度上的比较,至于甲本身是好(强),还是不好(差),此结构本身是反映不出来的。后者并不对甲与乙进行程度上的比较,而是着重表达甲与乙都很坏(差)这样一种口气。所以,A句译为"他的英语不比我的好。"B句译为"他的英语跟我(的)一样差。"那么,我们可以看出:"no+形容词比较级+than"具有表达该形容词反面性质的特点。no better than极言其坏,no bigger than极言其小,no more than极言其少,no fewer than极言其多,no longer than极言其短。 (2)not less than与no less than表达的意思也是不同的,前者一般表示比较的事实,后者是习语"不亚于",带有感情色彩。即C句译为:"她的聪明并不比她姐姐差。"(可能超过姐姐,有可能二人都差)D句译为"她的聪明程度不亚于她的姐姐。"(两姐妹都聪明) (3)no less than并不是用来表示概略数目的,而是用来表达精确数目的,它的作用仅仅在于表示说话人""言其多"的口气,含"多达;高达"之意;no less than不是"不少"""也不是"不止……"而是"恰好等于……"之意。not less than没有"言其多"或"言其少"的口气,只是客观地表达"不少于"的意思,"不少于"当然有可能"多于"。故E句应译为:"她至少有二个女儿。"F句译为:"她有二个女儿之多。"又如: He won no less than 1000 yuan in the lottery.他居然中了一千元的奖券。 He paid no less than£10,000 for it.他为此支付的款高达一万英镑。 (文/齐元凤;英语辅导报初中教师版03~04学年第24期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |
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