I.解题思路

　　完形填空题旨在测试学生综合运用英语的能力，做此题必须通篇考虑，掌握大意，综合运用所学词汇、语法及常识进行判断推理。解此类题主要从以下四步做起：

　　第一步重视首句，把握开篇。完形填空一般无标题，首句一般不留空白，是完整的一句，全文信息从此开始。细读首句，可判断文章体裁，预测全文大意。

　　第二步快速阅读全文，掌握大意。阅读要一气呵成，尽管有空格、生词或不明白的地方，仍要快速读下去。阅读时要注意找出关键词或中心词，划出与人物或情节有关的词，以便形成思路。注意不要在未掌握大意的情况下边阅读、边做题，这样速度慢、准确率低。

　　第三步瞻前顾后，灵活答题。"瞻前顾后"，即先读所要填词的句子，回顾上一句，兼顾下一句。如果一句中有两个空白待填，在初定答案时要"双管齐下"，在两处同时试填，然后再通读全句，确定答案。

　　第四步通读全文，调整答案。把填好的短文通读一遍，进行核查。同时注意以下三点：

　　1.上下文的一致性：即时态、语态的一致；代词、名词、单复数的一致。

　　2.从语法和惯用法及习惯搭配、甚至语感入手，看所填词是否符合上下文的逻辑。

　　3.段与段、句与句之间的衔接是否连贯。

　　II.解题方法

　　用语篇知识做完形填空题是一个好方法。语篇是衔接合理、符合逻辑、语义连贯的一个个语言单位。每一篇文章都会涉及到衔接与连贯。语篇的衔接有词汇手段和语法手段两种。现介绍如下：

　　一、词汇手段

　　英语词汇衔接关系分为两大类：复现关系和同现关系。

　　(一)复现关系

　　词汇的复现关系指某一个词以原词、同义词、近义词、分义词、下义词、概括词或其他形式重复出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系达到相互衔接。因此，词汇的复现关系可分为原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、上下义词复现和概括词复现几种。例如：

　　People form new companies to make goods and service because they hope to 1 a profit, they work to improve their goods and service, to devise new products, and to make a profit.

　　A product must be something that 2 will choose to buy. This gives the consumers some power whatever they are willing and able to buy is called demand. 3 is made and offered for sale is called supply. The demand for a product or service always affects cars 4 of that product or service. For example, 5 consumers buy only small cars; manufacture will keep on making them. If consumers buy only large automobiles, manufactures will make these instead. Sometimes the quality of the service that is available will decide which cars are bought.

　　1.填make,句末make a profit与此处原词复现

　　2.填consumers,与下句中的consumers原词复现

　　3.填Whatever，与前一句whatever原词复现

　　4.填supply，与前一句supply原词复现

　　5.填if，后词复现

　　(二)同现关系

　　词汇的同现关系指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕一定的话题，与之相关的词汇往往会同时出现，而其他一些词就不大可能出现。例如：写一篇文章描述教室，下列词汇就可能出现：classroom, blackboard, desk, chair, teacher, students，floor等。这些意义相互联系的词汇属于同一个词汇套，形成词汇链，当我们遇到其中某些词语时，就会自然想到词汇链中的另一些词。例如：

　　1. My grandmother worked hard all day, making butter, washing clothes, cleaning the house and even _____ in the field when help was scarce.

　　填working，与后边the field同现

　　2. For example, there was the time I called in _____ to fix my refrigerator before it was too warm.

　　填repairman,与fix my refrigerator同现

　　3. I unusually have the problem of parents coming in and telling me how they really _____ their kids. They tell me they stand over them when they do their homework. They check their work and make a big fuss over grades. They criticize the kids over everything having to do with school.

　　填treat,与后边tell, check, criticize同现

　　二、语法手段

　　(一)照应

　　照应指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系。照应关系可分为两类：一类可以在语篇中找到所指对象，叫内照应(即语言项目之间的照应关系)；一类是在语篇中找不到所指对象，需要凭借我们的知识和经验加以体会、辨别，叫外照应(即语言项目的意义解释直接依赖于语篇外客观环境中的某个事物)。英语中的照应分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应。例如：

　　1. A Hollywood producer was determined to give his mother a birthday present that would be better than ______ his brother was giving her.

　　填that,与a birthday present比较

　　2. The chief reason is that all passionate and prejudiced arguments overstate their case and ______ their opponent's case.

　　填understate,与上文overstate对照

　　3. Unfortunately these are a large number of people in my family; some wanted to see one program ______ others preferred another.

　　填while,表示some与others之间的比较

　　(二)替代

　　替代指的是用一些替代形式去代替上下文中出现的词语。使用替代既是为了避免重复，也是为了连接上下文。替代分为名词性替代、动词性替代、分词性替代。例如：

　　1. He will not buy a poorly made car, for instance, if there is a better ______ for sale at the same price.

　　填one,代替car

　　2. Of course he did not understand anything, but he nodded his head as if he ______ .

　　填did,代替understand

　　3. Jack rose to his feet and prepared to back softly away from the snake. At that moment, however, he felt strangely unwilling to do ______ . Instead of moving backward as planned, he took a step forward, and then another!

　　填so ,代替前边rose to his feet and prepared to back softly from the snake

　　(三)省略

　　省略的使用是为了避免重复，突出主要信息，衔接上下文。同样，省略可分为名词性省略、动词性省略和分词性省略。例如：

　　A philosopher said that we have no right to oppose a position until we can state that position in a way that fully satisfies those who hold it; until, indeed, we can make out a better case for it than the proponent himself ______ .

　　填can,是前边can make out a better case for it的省略

　　以上只是笔者对完形填空题的解题思路与方法的简单总结，希望能够给大学生朋友的英语学习带来启发和帮助。

　　(文/董晓波；英语辅导报大学二年级版03～04学年第21期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)