英语辅导报大学一年级版:句子的基本译法 |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/04/19 23:03 英语辅导报 |
汉语句子译成英语方法很多,本文介绍如下: 一、句型对应法 译文句型与原文句型相同。例如: 1.如果她不来,我就去拜访她。If she doesn't come here, I will call on her. 2.猜猜谁在会上露面了?Guess who turned up at the meeting? 二、改译法 由于汉英两种语言的表达方式不同,汉语多用动词,英语多用名词和介词,译者不能简单对译,而要改变原文中某个句子成分的词类,以符合英语的表达习惯。例如: 1.他喜欢上了吸烟喝酒。He was sweet on drink and tobacco. 2.我到家时他们在吃饭。When I arrived home, they were at table. 三、扩充法 由于汉英两种语言的语法结构及其语言文化的差异,汉译英时,需要进行必要的语法形式的扩充和语义表达的补充。具体做法如下: (一)语法形式的扩充,包括补充汉语不常用的连词、介词以及汉语中没有的冠词,有时还要补出主语。例如: 1.到商店跑一趟,买点糖来好吗?Run down to the shop and buy some sugar, will you? 2.子曰:"不患无位,患所以立。不患莫己知,求为可知也。"(《论语》) The Master said: " I am not concerned that I am not in office. What I am concerned is to qualify myself for office. I am not concerned that I am not known. I seek to be worthy to be known." (二)语义表达的补充,是指补充汉语文化所独有的、不易被外国人所理解的事物,多采用加解释性文字的方法。例如: 1.这人真是杞人忧天。He is really like the man of Chi who was haunted by the fear that the sky might fall-unnecessary anxiety. 2.建国以来,人民的生活水平得到了很大改善。Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the lives of the people have been improved greatly. 四、缩省法 缩略(即用简单词语替代)或省去原文的某一部分或重复部分。此法可分为以下几点: (一)省去汉语的主语(多见于谚语、俗语等)、语气助词、连词(多见于文言文)。例如: 1.司马昭之心,路人皆知。The villain's design is obvious. 2.为什么要对这样的待遇忍气吞声呢?Why do you take such treatment lying down? (二)汉语叠字和复句的缩略。例如: 1.记住去看看他。Remember to see him. 2.由于她突然出言不逊,我感到透不过气来。Her unexpected rudeness made me gasp for breath.(汉语句子为复合句,英译句为简单句) (三)名词由代词代替,动词由do代替。例如: 1.她答应还我书,而且第二天就还了。She promised to return me my book and she did on the following day. 2.他穿白衬衣比穿蓝衬衣好看。He looks more handsome in white shirt than in blue one. (四)原文中有多个重复的动词或名词时,为避免重复,英译时只使用一次该动词和名词。例如: 1. -你喜欢巧克力冰淇淋吗? -喜欢,不过我更喜欢草莓冰淇淋。 - Do you like chocolate ice cream? - Yes, but I prefer strawberry. (strawberry后省略ice cream) 2.我们不后退,我们不曾后退,我们也永远不后退。We don't retreat, we never have and never will. (never have和never will后省略retreat) 五、语序调整法 把汉语句子译成英语时,为了符合英语语言的表达习惯,需要重新调整语序。请从以下几方面考虑: (一)英译时,疑问句的语序变化以及某些句子的倒装处理。例如: 1.我能在这里站会儿吗?Can I stand here for a moment? (疑问句) 2.在库房的角落里散放着几只汽油桶。Lying about in the corner of the storage room are several gasoline tanks. (倒装句) (二)汉、英句子状语位置的不同及表达习惯的差异,英语后置定语的运用,形式主语(或宾语)的位置及同位语位置的调整。例如: 1.我把这件事原原本本地告诉了他。True to type I told him this matter. (状语前置) 2.通往火车站的路泥泞不堪。The road which leads to the station is very muddy. (定语从句后置) (三)某些短语的表达习惯不同。例如: 1.老人也好,年轻人也好,都应定期体检以了解自己的健康状况。People, young and old, ought to take physical examinations at regular intervals so as to know their own health. 2.不管晴天还是下雨,比赛准时进行。Rain or shine, the match will go on time. (四)对整个句子语序的调整。例如: 1.他流血不止,快要死了,快跑去求救!Run for help; he is bleeding to death! 2.他忽然想到一个好主意。A great idea occurred to him suddenly. 六、反译法 从修辞角度来看,对一件事肯定,可说"是",也可说"不错";对一件事否定,可说"不是",也可说"怎么会……"。这就是我们通常所说的"正说"和"反说",在翻译中称之为"反译法"。请看例句: 1.她为这个小客栈费了很多劲。She took no little pains over her inn. 2.刘胡兰宁死不屈。Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender. 七、分译与合译 翻译中,汉语的一个句子经常分译成英语的两个或更多的句子;反之,汉语的两个或更多的句子也可合译为英语的一个句子。这就是分译和合译。 (一)分译 你们这些调皮的家伙,这儿用不着你们,滚开!You naughty boys are not wanted here. Get along with you! (二)合译 就是这个博物馆,我一直渴望去参观。This is the very museum I have long wanted to visit. 八、语态转换法 遵循汉英两种语言的表达习惯,为使行文通顺、连贯,需改变原文的语态。例如: 1.我的文件和书籍被弄乱了,我得认真整理一下。My papers and books got out of order. I must have them all carefully arranged. 2.小男孩企图避开他母亲。可是太迟了,母亲一把抓住了他。The little boy tried to get out of his mother's sight, but it was too late, and he was caught. (文/解学花;英语辅导报大学一年级版03~04学年第25期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |
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