一、考查关系词的指代及其在从句中所作的语法成分

　　定语从句要由关系词来引导,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有:who, whose, whom, that, which 等;关系副词有:when,where,why等。除that只引导限定性定语从句外,其余的关系词既可以引导限定性定语从句,也可以引导非限定性定语从句。

　　要点提示:要正确使用关系词,就须将两个方面结合起来考虑:一方面是看看关系词所指代的先行词的类属;另一方面是准确分析关系词在定语从句中所作的句子成分。若指人,作主语用who,作宾语用whom(可以省略),作定语用whose(还可指物);若指物且作主语或宾语,则用which(在非限定性定语从句中,也可指代一个情形,即主句全部内容。无论作主语还是作宾语,均不可省略)或that(还能指人,作宾语时,可以省略);作状语指时间用when,指地点用where,指原因用why等。

　　考题:

　　1.His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _______ family was poor. (MET'88)

　　A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose

　　2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _______ of course, made the others unhappy. (NMET2000)

　　A.who B.which C.this D.what

　　3.After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _______ he grew up as a child. (NMET'96)

　　A.which B.where C.that D.when

　　4.Carol said the work would be done by October, _______ personally I doubt very much.(NMET'99)

　　A.it B.that C.when D.which

　　5.I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together. (NMET'95短文改错)

　　答案及简析:

　　1.答案为D。此处关系词指代的是anyone,而且作从句中的定语。

　　2.答案为B。该题旨在考查非限定性定语从句的引导词,只能在A,B之间选择,可是这里并未指人,而是指主句所谈情况,为此,只能选B。

　　3.答案为B。关系词指代地点the small town,同时在定语从句中充当状语。

　　4.答案为D。不可认为指代时间by October而误选C。其实,稍加分析就可清楚关系词指代的是主句全部内容且作doubt的宾语而非状语。

　　5.此题先行词是表时间的名词evenings,但在从句中用作spent的宾语而不是状语,故须将when改为that/which或去掉when。

　　二、 考查关系词的搭配方式

　　关系词的搭配方式主要是指as及作提前介词宾语的which和whom的搭配方式。

　　(一)as的搭配方式

　　要点提示:1. 在限定性定语从句中,常见的搭配方式有:the same...as,as...as,not so / as...as, such...as 等。

　　2.在非限定性定语从句中,常见的搭配方式有:as we all know(=as is known to us all),as is said(reported,mentioned,etc.)above,as it is等,可置于句首、句中或句末。

　　考题:

　　_______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.(NMET2001)

　　A. It B. As C. That D. What

　　答案与简析:答案为B.显而易见,为一固定搭配方式.As引导的是非限定性定语从句。

　　(二)which和whom的搭配方式

　　要点提示:1.多用于限定性定语从句中,作提前介词的宾语,即介词+which/whom.介词的使用要依据定语从句中动词短语的构成方式而定。

　　2.在作从句主语时,往往套用:名词(代词、数词等)+of+which/whom.多见于非限定性定语从句中。

　　考题:

　　1.In the dark street,there wasn't a single person _______ she could turn for help. (NMET'92)

　　A.to whom B.who C.from whom D.that

　　2.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows,most of _______ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. (MET'90)

　　A.these B.those C.that D.which

　　3.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ______ was very reasonable. (2000上海)

　　A.which price

　　B.the price of which

　　C.its price

　　D.the price of whose

　　答案与简析:

　　1.答案为A。turn to sb. for help 是一固定搭配方式。

　　2.答案为D。which指代ten windows且作of的宾语,that不能用在非限定性定语从句中,也不能与介词一起提前作宾语。

　　3.答案为B。which指代the ancient Chinese vase,与the price构成所属关系。

　　三、考查使用that的情况及关系词的省略现象

　　(一)只能使用that的情况

　　要点提示:

　　1.由不定代词anything,nothing,everything,all, one, little,few,much等充当先行词时;

　　2. 当先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;

　　3.当先行词被no,the same,the very, the only等修饰时;

　　4. 当先行词既指人又指物时;

　　5. 主句是以who开头的疑问句时.

　　考题:

　　All _______ is needed is a supply of oil. (MET'89)

　　A.the thing B.that C.what D.which

　　答案与简析:答案为B,因为先行词是由不定代词all充当的。

　　(二)关系词的省略现象

　　要点提示:除作宾语的关系代词whom,which,that可以省略外,先行词为way,time等时,可将that省略,其中way还可以由in which来引导。

　　考题:

　　I don't like______you speak to her.(1993上海)

　　A.the way

　　B.the way in that

　　C.the way which

　　D.the way of which

　　答案与简析:答案为A.根据句意:我并不喜欢你对她讲话的方式,理应选the way,其后省去了关系代词that。

　　(文/李英旭； 《英语通》高二版 03~04学年度第4期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)