过去分词(the Past Participle )是非谓语动词的一种重要形式，其用法很广泛。过去分词除了和助动词be / have / had 等构成语态和时态之外，还具有形容词和副词的词性。故在句中作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语等。本文将着重谈谈过去分词作定语和表语的用法，以期帮助同学们更好地掌握和应用该语法项目。

　　一、作定语

　　一般来说，过去分词含有"完成"和"被动"的双重意义。但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示"完成"的动作，而不表示"被动"意义。如:boiled water (凉开水); fallen leaves (落叶); the risen sun (升起的太阳)等。例如：

　　The tall man is a returned student. 高个子的那个人是个归国留学生。

　　My parents are both retired teachers. 我的父母都是退休教师。

　　单个的过去分词作定语时,一般放在被修饰词之前(如上例)，也可后置。例如：

　　Hurry up, there is only a little time left. 快点,时间不多了。

　　If you wish everything changed, please say so. 你如果希望改变一切,请说明。

　　过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧，渐渐地成为一个复合词。这种分词叫分词形容词(the Participal Adjective )，实际上相当于一个单纯的形容词，除表示"完成"的动作之外，还表示"被动"的意义。如：spoken English (英语口语)； iced beer(冰镇啤酒)；cooked food (熟食)； fried chips (炸土豆条)。例如：

　　The polluted water and air are harmful to people's health. 污染了的水和空气对人的健康有害。

　　A burnt boy is afraid of fire. 烧伤的男孩怕火。

　　过去分词尽管为非谓语动词，但它们仍然保持着动词的词性，既可以有自己的宾语，又能接状语，一起构成过去分词短语。作定语时，须将分词放在被修饰词之后，功能相当于一个定语从句。例如：

　　Near the window, there is a bookshelf filled with many books (=which is filled with many books). 靠近窗户，有一个装满书的书架。

　　Most of the students invited to the garden party (=who were invited to the garden party) came from our school. 大部分被邀请参加游园会的学生来自于我们的学校。

　　Yesterday, I received the first family letter written by my mother (=that was written by my mother). 昨天我收到妈妈写的第一封家信。

　　Her daughter, brought up by me(=who was brought up by me) has begun to work now.由我带大的她的女儿现在已经参加工作了。

　　二、作表语

　　过去分词作表语并无"完成"或"被动"之意，而是表示主语的状态或思想感情等。例如：

　　He looked worried after reading the letter. 看完信后，他显得很忧虑。

　　When we heard of it, we were deeply moved. 当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。

　　He seemed quite delighted at the idea. 听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。

　　常见的作表语的过去分词有： amused (愉快的)； connected(连接的)； broken(碎了的)； closed(关闭的)； completed(完成的)； astonished(吃惊的)； covered(覆盖的)； crowded(拥挤的)； delighted(高兴的)； disappointed(失望的)； discouraged(泄气的)； dressed ( 穿着的 ) ； drunk(喝醉的)；experienced(有经验的) ； gone(遗失的)；lost(丢失的)； worried(担忧的)； interested(感兴趣的)； tired(疲劳的)； pleased( 高兴的)； satisfied(满意的)； surprised(吃惊的)； married(已婚的)； known(著名的)，等等。

　　注：过去分词作表语不要与被动语态混为一体。分词作表语表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示被动的动作。例如：

　　My glasses are broken. 我的眼镜碎了。(状态)

　　My glasses were broken by my son. 我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。(动作)

　　On the earth, 70% of the surface is covered with water. 地球表面70%是被水覆盖的。(状态)

　　I was greatly surprised by a knock at the door. 敲门声使我大为吃惊。(动作)

　　强化训练：

　　1. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ________ behind his back.

　　A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

　　2. The door remained ________ .

　　A. locked B. to lock C. locking D. lock

　　3. With ________ leaves ________ in the earth every year, the soil becomes richer and richer.

　　A. falling; burying B. fallen; buried C. fallen; burying D. falling; buried

　　4. He looks very ________ .

　　A. excite B. exciting C. excited D. to excite

　　5. I have read plenty of books ________ by Lu Xun.

　　A. written B. wrote C. write D. writing

　　6. Holding the note in his hand, he stood there ________ .

　　A. dumbfound B. dumbfounding C. dumbfounded D. to dumbfound

　　7. They had beef and ________ for supper.

　　A. smoking fish B. fish smoking C. fish to smoke D. smoked fish

　　8. She asked if there is anything ________ for tonight.

　　A. to plan B. planned C. that plans D. planning

　　9. The Emperor's New Clothes, is an ________ text. All of us are ________ in it.

　　A. exciting;exciting B. excited;excited C. excited;exciting D. exciting;excited

　　Key:

　　1-5 DABCA 6-9 CDBD

　　(文/刘家蓓； 英语通高二版 04~05学年度第8期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)