I. But in order to get married, I needed a job, and in order to get a job, I needed a PhD.

　　[问] get+done这一结构在平时的学习和考试中很常见，老师说是一种系表结构，它与其它由get构成的系表结构有何不同？

　　[答] get+done是"系动词+过去分词"所构成的系表结构，通常用来表示被动的动作，其中过去分词都是由及物动词转化而来，如get married / lost / dressed / caught / stuck...(结婚 / 迷路 / 穿好衣服 / 被困/被阻……)。

　　系动词get后用形容词作表语表示"变得……"。如：It's getting hot. 天变热了。如用其它非谓语动词形式作表语，含义各有差异：get doing (=start doing) 表示"开始干"， get to do 表示"逐渐……"。试比较：

　　Let's get going. We're late. 我们走吧,已经晚了。

　　He's nice when you get to know him. 你慢慢了解了他以后，你会觉得他这个人不错。

　　How did the window get broken? 窗户是怎样打破的？

　　get+done结构有时也是被动语态的表达形式。

　　考例：

　　Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________ by the hour.

　　A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay

　　分析：pay是及物动词，"付给某人报酬"，应说pay sb.，清洁女工"得到报酬"，应用被动语态，因此答案应是C。选项A有一定的干扰性，如果把get当作实义动词"得到"，pay用作名词"报酬；工资"，这种思路下也不能选A，因为"得到报酬"应是get one's pay。

　　II. The two reporters agreed to switch roles for once...

　　[问]动词agree后有几种不同搭配，各表示什么含义？

　　[答]动词agree后的搭配：agree to sth. (a plan, a suggestion...) 表示"同意某人的计划、建议等"; agree with sb. / what-clause 表示"同意某人的意见、所说的话等"; agree on sth.表示"双方在某一方面取得一致意见"； agree to do sth. 表示"同意做某事"; agree with sth. 还可表示"适应；与……一致"。例如：

　　What he said doesn't agree with what he did. 他言行不一。

　　The two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 双方同意停火。

　　考例：

　　We agreed ________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.

　　A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met

　　分析：本题考查agree后的搭配形式。表示"同意干……"，应用agree to do sth.。本句中 "见面"这一动作发生在"同意"之后，答案为C。 不定式的完成式to have done表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，故不选D。

　　III. The editor's job is to keep the newspaper balanced and interesting to the readers.

　　[问] 不定式作表语与动名词作表语有什么区别？不定式作表语有哪些变化形式？

　　[答]不定式作表语时，多表示将来的行为动作，较具体；而动名词作表语时多表示泛指的"笼统"的行为。

　　不定式作表语有两种变化形式：其否定式是在不定式的前面加not或 never, 如果表示将来被动的行为动作，就用不定式的被动式to be done。例如：

　　My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。

　　His wish is to be admitted by Beijing University. 他的愿望是考上北京大学。

　　考例：

　　The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ________ it more difficult.

　　A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make

　　分析：以上两题考查不定式作表语。题意为"新技术的目的是使生活更容易，而不是更困难。"，考查不定式的否定式作表语，答案为B。

　　IV. I like the story because... and because it made me realise that everyone's life is...

　　[问] 在"make +宾语+不定式"结构中什么时候不定式需加to? "make +宾语+do"和"make +宾语+done"有何区别？

　　[答]在主动语态中，使役动词"make +宾语+不带to的不定式"作宾补，表示"使某人做某事"。但如果用于被动语态，就需用带to的不定式作主语补足语；"make +宾语+done"表示"使……被……"，过去分词表示被动的动作。例如：

　　The boy was made to wash the truck as a punishment. 作为惩罚，这孩子被强迫洗车。

　　The young artist wants to make himself known. 这位年轻画家想让自己出名。

　　考例：

　　1. Paul doesn't have to be made ________ . He always works hard.

　　A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning

　　2. Though he had often made his little sister ________ , today he was made ________ by his little sister.

　　A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry

　　分析：以上两题考查不定式作补语。例1，由题意得知， Paul学习主动，"不用被强迫学习"，不定式的被动形式后面应用带to的不定式作主语补足语, 答案为B。 例2，"他"把妹妹惹"哭"了，是主动语态，应用不带to的不定式作宾补，后面"他"被妹妹惹"哭"了，是被动语态，应用带to的不定式作主语补足语, 答案是A。

　　V. The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.

　　[问] where引导的定语从句在考试中经常出现，应怎样把握？

　　[答] where引导定语从句时，本身在从句中作地点状语，相当于"介词+which"，从句的前面不仅出现表示"地点"的名词，还可以是表示"场合"、"形势"、"情况"等的名词作定语从句的先行词。

　　考例：

　　1. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ________ he grew up as a child.

　　A. which B. where C. that D. when

　　2. He's got himself into a dangerous situation ________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.

　　A. where B. which C. while D. why

　　3. I can think of many cases ________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.

　　A. why B. which C. as D. where

　　4. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, ________ other visitors seldom go.

　　A. what B. which C. where D. when

　　分析：以上四例考查定语从句引导词where的基本用法。例1，从句修饰的对象是表示地点概念的名词the small town； 例2，从句修饰的对象是表示"形势"概念的名词situation； 例3，从句修饰的对象是表示"场合"概念的名词cases, 引导词在从句中都是作地点状语，且都可换成"in + which"； 例4, 从句修饰places, where相当于to which, 四个题的答案分别是B、A、 D、 C。

　　(文/刘竞天； 英语通高二版 04~05学年度第8期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)