大学英语课外辅导:英语中的反意疑问句 |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/10/20 09:35 英语辅导报 |
反意疑问句,又名附加疑问句,是英语中疑问句形式的一种。这一结构由第一部分提出看法,第二部分提出质疑。如果第一部分为肯定形式,第二部分通常用否定形式;第一部分为否定形式,第二部分就用肯定形式,两部分的时态要一致。例如: It is a fine day, isn't it? It isn't a fine day, is it? 从功能上讲,特别是在口语中,同样是反意疑问句,通过使用不同语调所表达的语意却大不相同。传统的解释是,句子后半部分读作轻声调时,表示信息咨询;句子后半部分读作降调时,含有期望对方肯定之意。反意疑问句从语言功能上讲有"犹豫不决"、"避免冲突"等底蕴。这与西方文化对女性社会角色的认定相吻合,故多为女子所使用。其次,来自方言变体的研究表明,在英语文化中,反意疑问句常用来表示"纡尊降贵"的言外之意,暗含明显的优越感。 近年来,在我国的大学英语四、六级考试中,反意疑问句的考点屡有出现。例如在2002年6月CET-4中43题为:There has been a great increase in retail sales, _______ ? A) does there B) isn't there C) hasn't there D) isn't it 这该如何选择?反意疑问句是较容易掌握的一种语言现象,但在具体应用时,当主句中含有特殊的词或词组,或主句为一种特殊句型时,有的学习者往往犹豫不决。针对这种情况,笔者总结了以下几点,希望能对学习者有所帮助。 一、当主句的主语或谓语为特殊的词或词组时: 1. 当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, no one , nobody, somebody 等合成词或词组时,反意疑问句部分的主语在非正式文体中,往往用they,有时也用he; 而当陈述部分的主语为this, that, everything, nothing, something等时,反意疑问句部分的主语用it,如: Somebody called on him yesterday, didn't they? 2. 当陈述部分是there存在句时,反意疑问句主语也用there。如: There is no way out, is there? 因此在上述考题中,应选C。 3. 当陈述部分带有表示"所有"含义的have时,反意疑问句部分既可用have引导,也可用do引导,但当have不表示所有含义时,附加疑问句必须用do引导。 You have a good friend, haven't you / don't you? We had a good time in the city, didn't we? 4. 当陈述部分主语为used to 时,反意疑问句部分动词可用used to 或did 形式引导,如: Your father used to drink a lot, usedn't he / didn't he? 5. 当陈述部分的主语是one时,反意疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you,如: One should be happy in this situation, shouldn't one/ shouldn't you? 6.如果陈述部分的动词或形容词是加否定前缀构成的,则反意疑问句中动词仍用否定,如: He is unmarried, isn't he? 而当陈述部分的主语为nothing 时,则反意疑问句中动词用肯定,如: There is nothing left, is there? 7. 当陈述部分为ought to 时,反意疑问句部分可用should引导,也可用ought to 形式,如: He ought to go by train, shouldn't/oughtn't he? 8. 当陈述部分带有情态动词need,dare时,反意疑问句部分一般由need,dare 等构成,如: The boy needn't make such a loud noise, need he? 但当need ,dare 作行为动词时,则应按行为动词构成反意疑问句的方法,即加助动词来构成反意疑问句部分。 9. 当陈述句部分为动词wish时,反意疑问句用may 的肯定形式,如: I wish to shake hands with you, may I? 10. 当陈述句部分含有情态动词must时,要根据must 的具体含义而定。 1)当陈述部分的must表示"一定","想必"等推测意义时,反意疑问句部分不用must,而必须根据must 后的动词而采用相应的助动词来构成反意疑问句。如: You must be very happy, aren't you? He must have taught English for many years, hasn't he? 2)当陈述部分的must 表示"必须"的含义时,反意疑问句部分用mustn't,如: They must hand in their papers right now, mustn't they? 3)当陈述部分的must 表示"有必要"时,反意疑问句部分用needn't,如: He must go now , needn't he? 4)当陈述部分为mustn't 表示"禁止"时,反意疑问句部分用must,如: You mustn't smoke in the room, must you? 二、当主句的主语或谓语动词为特殊结构时: 1. 当陈述部分为I'm...结构时,反意疑问句一般为aren't I,如: I am right, aren't I? 2.当陈述部分为you'd better 或you'd rather时,反意疑问句用hadn't you或wouldn't you,如: You'd better finish your homework, hadn't you? 3. 动词不定式,动名词短语或其他短语作陈述句部分的主语时,反意疑问句的主语通常用it ,如: To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it? 三、当主句为特殊句型时: 1. 当陈述句是一个主从复合句,反意疑问句部分一般应根据主句的谓语动词而定,但当陈述句为并列复合句时,依后一句谓语而定,如: It's not colder than it was yesterday, is it? 但当主句是I suppose, I think, I believe 等结构时,反意疑问句往往应根据从句的主、谓来定,但要注意否定的转移。如: I don't suppose he is serious , is he? 2. 祈使句也可用反意疑问句,其谓语形式通常用情态动词will, shall, can 等构成,如: Pass me the sugar, will you? Don't talk like that, will you? 如果是否定祈使句,反意疑问句部分则用all right, ok等,如: Let's not go to the park, ok? 由Let's 引导的祈使句的反意疑问句部分用shall we 或will you,这取决于us 的含义。当us 包括说者与听者在内,陈述部分形式为Let's,疑问部分用shall we ,而当us 只指听者,陈述部分形式为Let us, 疑问部分用will you,如: Let's try harder, shall we? Let us go now, will you? 3. 感叹句的反意疑问句,其动词用to be 的现在时,而且通常为否定,如: What a fanny man, isn't he? 四、特殊形式的反意疑问句 1. 陈述部分与附加部分同时都是肯定或否定,则表示说话人怀疑、嘲讽的态度。如: Your car is outside, is it? He doesn't like his job, doesn't he? 2. 有时反意疑问句部分主语为you,与陈述句主语不同,此时,反意疑问句相当于How about you? What do you think of it? 其谓语也跟主句谓语一致。如: I hope they won't have to wait all day, don't you? 因此,英语中的反意疑问句是一种既简单又复杂的语言现象,在我们的学习中,不但要能够全面地掌握其用法,还要能够在正确的场合中正确地使用,这对于我们外语学习者是非常重要的。 (文/王梅;英语辅导报 大学二年级版 04~05学年第4期; 版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |
【评论】 |
【英语学习论坛】【大 中 小】【打印】【关闭】 |