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词义辨析
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/12/15 14:53  新浪教育

  词义辨析是近历年高考题单项选择的重头戏,每年占2-3道题。它主要是考查我们的词汇知识,以及运用所掌握的词汇解决具体问题的能力。与往年相比,近几年的词语辨析呈现如下特点:

  1.单词(或词组)意义区别明显。谈到词语辨析,我们就很容易想到那些汉语意思相同,而英语使用范围不同的单词或词组,如die of与die from,have trouble doing与take trouble to do,journey, trip与travel等,然而,近几年的词语辨析主要考查只有部分单词相同其他部分不同的词语间的辨析,如NMET2003的 pass,write,take, leave以及 break down, break out, break in,break up, 2003北京市高考试题的make out, make up, make over, make off等都属于这一类型,它们从意思上区别是比较大的。

  2. 上下文对答案的影响较重。我们知道词语辨析是对词语意义的考查,然而近几年的词语辨析题的答案多是依据上下文情景选出的。

  You’re ____ your time trying to persuade him;he’ll never join us. (NMET1995)

  A. spending B. wasting C. losing D.missing

  分析:乍一看后面有trying to…,我们就很容易联想到spend some time doing sth.的搭配,于是很多考生不假思索就选了答案A。我们知道,题中的he’ll never join us这一信息句暗示,“尽力说服他是浪费时间。”因此得出答案B。

  3. 备选答案形式一致。过去我们在选择答案时还考虑搭配问题,如有的动词后只跟动词的V-ing形式,而选项中就出现了不定式、动词原形等形式。现在高考题的备选项从形式上是一致的,只是意思的不同。

  词语辨析题的种类:

  1. 动词(词组)辨析

  这是历年高考题出现频率最多的。动词意义明显,能充分体现情景,因此成为出题人的钟爱。在这类选项中,除单词区别外,词组间的区别主要体现在动词是一样的,只是后面与其搭配的介词或副词不同,因此构成了不同的意义,如make up, make over, make out等。

  2. 名词辨析

  名词辨析在高考题中出现的频率是比较少的。这一类的题主要是通过说话人要表达的意思,运用合适的名词,将表达的概念顺接下去。

  3. 副词、形容词辨析

  它包括副词与形容词间用法的辨析,也包括副词与副词、形容词与形容词间的辨析。形容词的辨析体现情景概念,而副词的辨析主要体现在搭配与概念。

  4. 介词辨析

  介词辨析主要体现在一些特殊介词的使用,如beyond one’s reach; under control等。

  直击高考

  1. If anybody calls, tell them I’m out, and ask them to their name and address. (NMET2003)

  A. passB. writeC. takeD. leave

  2. News reports say peace talks between the two countries with no agreement reached. (NMET2003)

  A. have broken downB. have broken outC. have broken inD. have broken up

  3. The manager has got a good business _____ so the company is doing well. (2003北京)

  A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking

  4. The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to _____.(2003北京)

  A. make it out B. make it off C. make it up D. make it over

  5. We’re going to ________ with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? (2004北京春)

  A. get inB. get over C. get alongD. get together

  6. He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was _______ from the outside world. (2004北京春)

  A. cut outB. cut off C. cut upD. cut through

  7. I really don’t want to go to the party, but I don’t see how I can _____ it . (MET’92 )

  A. get back from B. get out of C. get away D. get off

  8. Readers can _____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word . (MET’93 )

  A. get over B. get in C. get along D. get through

  答案与分析

  1. D本题考查根据语境对常用动词词义的辨析及掌握情况。根据题意“如果有人打电话,告诉他们我出去了……”及我们熟悉的 “leave a message”可判断出,此空应填leave,表示“留下(姓名或地址以便联系)”。故答案为D。

  2. A本题考查短语动词的词义辨析。break down(车、机器等)损坏;(计划、谈判等)失败,不成功;(身体、精神等)崩溃,瓦解。break out爆发,突然发生。break in破门而入;打断(谈话)。break up打碎,拆散。分析语境可知,对于peace talks(和平谈判)而言,A项break down的“失败,不成功”词义最佳。题意:新闻报导说,这两国之间的和谈以未能达成任何协议而宣告失败。故答案为A。

  3. B本题考查名词间的词语辨析。idea意思是“观点;想法”,多指人所想出的主意;sense意思是“认识;意识”,多指观念。本句的意思是“这个经理很有商业意识,因此公司发展良好。”故答案为B。thought意思是“思想;认识”,thinking意思是“想;思考”,这两个名词侧重于“考虑”的概念,因此不合题意。

  4. A本题考查动词间的词语辨析。make out的意思是“设法应付;生活;了解;辨认出;明白;断言;坚持”,make off意思是“匆匆离开;逃走”,make up意思是“化装;构成;支起”,make over意思是“转变;转移”。本句的意思是“这个想法让我非常困惑,于是我停下来,用一段时间来理解它。”故最佳答案是A。

  5. D get in “进入,插入,收获”, get over 意思是“爬过,克服,熬过、恢复”; get along 意思是“进展,进行”; get together意思是“相聚”。

  6. B cut through意思是“(从中间)切割”;cut off意思是“切断(供应;联系等),因此B为最佳答案。

  7.B 该题考查考生对动词词义的辨析能力和词语的搭配。该题意思是“我真是不想参加这场晚会,但不知如何躲避才好。”get out of 和get away都有“躲避、逃避”的意思。但get away不能跟宾语,而只有B项get out of 才符合句意且结构正确。

  8. C 该题要求考生对动词短语的意义进行辨析。

  get over:overcome difficulty克服困难

  get in: enter;arrive进入;到达

  get along:make progress进展,进行

  set through:bring to the end of sth完成,通过

  根据如上所述,该题意是“不知道每个词的确切意思,读者也能理解得很好。”故C最佳。

  专项训练

  1. If we ______ , we can realize the progress we have made.

  A. turn back B. look back C. answer back D. move back

  2. They didn’t get anything to eat for two days. Hunger ___some of them to stealing.

  A. forced B. reduced C. caused D. made

  3. Don’t forget to ____ your things after you have finished your homework.

  A. set aside B. put away C. take away D. put into

  4. I can’t find my watch. I must have ___it in the hotel.

  A. lost B. missed C. left D. forgotten

  5. All of us still remember the terrible earthquake that ___ Tangshan twenty years ago.

  A. attacked B. struck C. knocked D. exploded

  6. The weather in Shanghai really doesn’t ______ her.

  A. fit for B. agree C. fit to D. agree to

  7. The Party Central Committee____ the Chinese people to work hard for the realization of the four modernizations

  A. calls on B. calls up C. calls out D. calls for

  8. The librarian told the kids to___ the books and magazines on the shelf, otherwise they would get old and dirty.

  A. read B. touch C. handle D. put

  9. The question of salary increases will ___at the next meeting

  A. come off B. come to C. come along D. come up

  10. We always ___we have said.

  A. lead to what B. see to what C. get to what D. hold to what

  11. The business of the joint venture was growing so fast that the manager had to _____more clerks.

  A. take up B. take on C. take off D. take over

  12. At an early age the youth will develop his personality, and the kind of home life he has will ___ the development.

  A. increase B. encourage C. enhance D. influence

  13.The talks between those two big companies ___so the two managers had to look for another trade partner respectively.

  A. broke B. broke down C. broke out D. broke away

  14.The actor was so interesting that he ____us laughing all the time when we were chatting.

  A. made B. keep C. had D. let

  15. A good writer must _____ what he writes with what has happened around him.

  A. connect B. think C. join D. know

  16. As the worlds’ leading polluter, consumer of energy and generator of wastes, the U.S. ___a special responsibility of assuming leadership.

  A. supports B. suffers C. stands D. bears

  17. The museum is ______ in a park surrounded by a number of impressive buildings.

  A. blocked B. based C. occupied D. located

  18. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to ___any further responsibilities.

  A. put up B. get on C. take on D. look up

  19. Being much too fat, the lady was advised to reduce her food for each meal, yet she would ___that.

  A. have none of B. accept C. take care of D. listen to

  20. The gentleman does not _____ the argument but watches the other guests.

  A. drop in B. fill in C. put in D. join in

  答案与分析

  1. B look back在这里是“回顾”的意思, turn back有“转身”的意思,因此B为最佳答案。

  2. B四个词都有“让”的意思。force, cause后跟带to的不定式作宾补,而made 跟不带to的不定式作宾补。reduce sb. to do sth.意思是“迫使某人做某事”。

  3. B put away有“保存好”的意思。

  4. C D有较一定干扰性。按照汉语习惯“我一定是把它忘在宾馆了。”但forget 意思是“忘记”,表示没有记住。因此应运用表示“遗留在”的leave。A,D有一定干扰性,lose和miss表示“丢失,不见了”,因此不合题意。

  5. B表示自然灾害“侵害于”了某地,我们可以用hit 或strike。但不可以用attack 或knock。attack表示“进攻,袭击”,多表示用武力进攻;knock是“敲打”的意思。

  6. C fit to sb.意思是“适合某人,让某人适应”。agree on 意思是“(双方)取得一致意见”;agree to 意思是“同意”。

  7. A call on sb. to do sth.意思是“号召某人做某事”。call for有“需要”的意思,后不可以跟不定式作宾补。

  8. D“图书管理员让孩子们把书和杂志放到书架上。”

  9. D come up 在这里是“提出来”的意思。come to意思“得出(结论等)”。

  10. D hold to 在这里是“坚持”的意思。本句话意思是“我们一直坚持我们所说的。”

  11. B take up 有“从事,拿起(武器等)”;take on雇佣;take off取下 take over接过来。

  12. D“在很小的时候,人们就形成了个性,家庭生活类型对他的发展会有影响。”

  13. B break down 在这里有“中止,停止”的意思。break out 意思是“发生”;break away (突然)离开,因此其它答案不合题意。

  14. C这四个动词都为使役动词,B时态错误,have sb. doing 意思是“使某人处于做某事的状态”,其它选项无此搭配。

  15. A本句话的意思是“一个好的作家必须把他所写的与周围发生的联系起来,”join 也有“结合,联合”之意,但形式join…to…的搭配。

  16. D本句的意思是“作为世界领先的污染源,能量的消费者及废物的创造者,美国承担第一位的特殊责任。”bear 在此有“承担,负有”的意思。

  17. D block 有“阻塞”的意思;base意思是“建立在……基础上”,后跟介词on, occupy意思是“占据,占领”,locate 用其系表结构be located in,意思是“位于”。

  18. C take on 在此有“承担”的意思。

  19. A have none of sth.意思是“(不理睬)不接受”。

  20. D join in有“加入(到某项活动中去)的意思; drop in意思是”“拜访”;fill in意思是“填补”。


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