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省略
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/12/15 15:00  新浪教育

  1. 简单句中的省略

  (1)省略主语:常用于祈使句或某些现成的说法。

  ① (I) Beg your pardon? (括号内为被省略部分。下同)

  ② (It) Looks like rain.

  ③ (I) See you tomorrow.

  (2)省略谓语或谓语中的一部分。

  ① (Is there) Anything you want?

  ② (Is) Anything the matter?

  ③ (Are) You hungry?

  (3) 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。

  ① (I am) Sorry.

  ② —How many copies do you want?

  —(I want) Three copies, please.

  ③ (You come) This way, please.

  ④ Why (do you) not go by bike?

  (4)省略宾语。

  —Which of them is the better choice?

  —Well, it’s hard to tell (it).

  (5)省略表语。

  ①Tom is not clever. Nor is his sister (clever).

  (6)同时省略几个成份。

  ①—Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

  —No, (I have) never (been to the Great Wall).

  ②—Were you afraid?

  —Yes, but (I was) not very (afraid).

  2. 并列句中的省略

  两个并列分句中,后一个分句与前一个分句中相同的部分 常被省略。

  ① I work in a factory and my brother (works) on a farm.

  我在工厂工作,我兄弟再农场。

  ② My office is on the second floor and his ( is) on the third (floor).

  我的办公室在二层,他的在三层。

  3. 主从复合句中的省略

  (1)主句中的某些成份被省略:

  ① (I am) Sorry to hear that you are ill. 听说你病了,(我)很难过。

  ② (It is a) Pity that you can’t come to the party. 真遗憾,你不能来参加聚会。

  (2) 省略从句或从句中的一部分,用 so 或 not 代替。(不可用 it或 that) 如:

  ① —Is he coming back tonight? 今晚他会回来吗?

  —I think so. 我想会的。

  ② —She must be busy now. 她现在一定很忙。

  —If so, she can’t go with us. 如果这样,她就不能跟我们一起去了。

  ③ —Are they leaving for London by air? 他们会乘飞机去伦敦吗?

  —I’m afraid not. 恐怕不会。

  这种用法常见的有 How so? Why so? Is that so? He said so. I hope so. I suppose (believe, hope) not. 等等。

  (3) 时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中,如果从句和主句为同一主语,且从句谓语中含 be动词,可省略从句中的主语和 be 动词。

  如果从句的主语是 it,谓语中含有 be 动词,it和be 部分也可省略。

  ① He won’t come unless (he is) invited. 除非受邀,他是不会来的。

  ② The first country singers sang while (they were) playing the guitar.

  第一位乡村歌手边唱边弹吉他。

  ③ Country music today remains much the same as (it was) before.

  今天的乡村音乐还跟从前一样。

  (4)主句和从句中各有省略。

  The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be). 越快越好。

  4. 省略冠词

  (A) Friend of mine gave it to me. 一个朋友送给我的。

  5. 介词的省略

  (1)表示时间的介词 at, on, in在 next, this, these, yesterday, tomorrow, one, any, every, each和all等词之前,一般都省略。

  this week, yesterday evening, one day, every year

  (2)某些名词词组前,介词可省也可不省。

  (in) the year before last, ( at) the following weekend

  (3)以 all 开头的名词短语,表示时间时,for可省略。

  I waited here all the morning. 我在这儿等了一个早上。

  (4)表示一段时间的短语前,for 可省也可不省。

  We have been here (for) three weeks. 我们到这儿三周了。

  (2) The war lasted (for) four years. 战争持续了四年。

  (5)在否定句中或时间状语位于句首时,介词不可省。

  For the whole month he worked day and night. 整个月他工作都是夜以继日。

  (6)某些动词短语之后的介词,可以省略。如:spend... (in) doing, stop/prevent...(from) doing等。

  Then I’ll water them to stop the soil (from) getting too dry.

  我要浇一浇它们,以防止土壤变得过于干燥。

  6. 连词 that的省略

  (1)宾语从句中,连词 that可省略。但如果有两个或几个宾语从句,除第一个 that 外,其它的都不可省略。

  Mr. Wang said (that) the work was important and that we should try our best to do it.

  王先生说工作很重要我们应该竭尽所能。

  (2)定语从句中,that作宾语时可省略。

  The book ( that) he bought yesterday was expensive. 他昨天买的书很贵。

  7. 其他的省略

  (1)省略不定式,只保留 to。

  Don’t touch anything in the lab until you are told to (touch).

  除非有人允许,实验室里的任何东西,你都不要动。

  (2) 并列的不定式可省去后面不定式的符号 to。

  I asked him to come in and (to) wait for a moment. 我请他过来等一会儿。

  (3) 在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to 后作宾语补足语的不定式,省略to。但在被动语态中,to不能省略。

  ①I saw him enter the office. 我看见他进了办公室。

  ②He was seen to enter the office. 他被看见进了办公室。

  (4) help“帮助”,后面的不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时,to 可带可不带。

  ① He often helps (to) clean the room. 他经常帮助打扫房间。

  ② I will help you (to) study English. 我会帮你学英语。

  (5)介词 but前,若有实义动词do, 后面的不定式不带to。

  ① He did nothing but watch TV. 除了看电视,他什么也没做。

  (6)主语从句中有实义动词 do,后面作表语的不定式,可带to,也可不带 to。

  All I could do is (to) wait outside. 我所能做的只有在外等候。

  直击高考

  1. The research is so designed that once____ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)

  A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

  2. Br. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember_____. (NMET 1998)

  A. where B. there C. which D. that

  3. —Does your brother intend to study German?

  —Yes, he intends____. (1998上海)

  A. / B. to C. so D. that

  4. If ____ the same treatment again, he is sure to get well. (1997上海)

  A. giving B. give C. given D. being given

  5. —What do you think made Mary so upset?

  —____her new bicycle. (1997上海)

  A. as she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing

  6. The pianos in the other shop will be ___, but ____. (1996上海)

  A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheaper; not as better

  C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good

  7. —Susan , go and join your sister cleaning the yard.

  —Why ___? John is sitting there doing nothing. (NMET2003,33)

  A.him B.he C. I D.me

  8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ____. (NMET1995)

  A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

  答案与分析

  1. D该题主要考查省略句的用法。句中once作“一旦……,”讲。引导一个条件句,由于这个条件句的主语与主句的主语(there search)一致,所以省略掉了主语it和系动词 is。只剩下一个过去分词begun, 故应选D。 A项的错误在于缺少主语;B、C两项都是现在分词,不能用在条件句中作谓语,故可排除。

  2. C该题考查在省略的宾语从句中连接代词的用法。A、B项的副词作及物动词remember的宾语意思不妥,应先排除。指某一范围的“哪一个”须用连接代词which,前一个分句中的from either Oxford or Cambridge已限定了范围,所以C是正确答案。

  3. B 动词不定式符号to可用来代替前面已出现的动词不定式短语,以避免重复,此处代替 to study German.。

  4. C 在有些表示时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等的从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be, 主语又和主句的主语一致,常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分特别是动词be省略。

  5. C 本题须看出答话中的省略,应理解为 “Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset”。Losing作动词与her new bicycle一起构成动名词短语作主语。

  6. C 该题考查考生是否掌握形容词比较级的两种形式及省略的有关知识。该句应理解为The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper (than those in this shop), but they are not as good (as those in this shop).

  7. D 本题考查省略以及人称代词的用法。Why me?等于Why should I go and join your sister cleaning the yard?再者,作主语的人称代词当孤立地使用于无谓语的句子中时,通常用宾格而不用主格,尤其是第一人称单数,答语的空白处填me就是这种用法。故答案为D。

  8. A not to后面省略了ride his bicycle in the street,故最佳答案是A。

  专项训练

  1. He is teller than he_____.

  A. used B. used to be C. used to D. used to do

  2. —How wise of you to come round, but why?

  —____ that all is right.

  A. See B. To see C. Seeing D. for seeing

  3. It is thought that one billion people in the world, _____is half the world’s workers, earn their living by farming .

  A. if B. that C. which D. what

  4. She doesn’t work as hard as she _____.

  A. was used to B. used to be C. used to do D. did

  5. — Are there any English story-books for us students in the library?

  —There are only a few, _____.

  A. if any B. if have C. if some D. if has

  6. Be careful with such things. If you ____, you’ll drop them.

  A. don’t B. aren’t C. do D. are

  7. —Would you like some wine?

  —Yes, just_____.

  A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit

  8. —Is she going to school?

  —No, _____.

  A. she doesn’t B. she’s cooking C. she gets by bus D. to the shop

  9. I like sports and _____ my brother.

  A. so does B. so is C. so D. so likes

  10. She is not fond of cooking, _____I.

  A. so am B. nor am C. neither can D. nor do

  11. —Is Mary coming to the concert?

  —I think____.

  A. yes B. it C. that D. so

  12. _____ born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories.

  A. Although B. Since C. As D. When

  13. All substances (物质)_____solids, liquids, or gases, are made up of entirely atoms.

  A. whether they B. whether C. whether are they D. whether are

  14. Francis, _____ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced law in Missouri.

  A. was B. he has C. although D. who he was

  15. —Will you go to the party ?

  —Of course I will_____.

  A. if invited B. if having invited C. if I was invited D. if I will be invited

  16. —Would you like to see our baby?

  —____.

  A. I’d love B. I’d love to C. I love D. I love to

  17. —Have you fed the dog?

  —No, but_____.

  A. I am B. I’m C. I’m just going to D. I’m just going

  18. — Aren’t you the manager?

  —No, and I _____.

  A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t want

  19. If you go to Xi’an, you will find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly_____.

  A. supposing B. supposed C. to suppose D. suppose

  20. —Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?

  —_____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.

  A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting

  答案与解析

  1. B 极易错选C, 原因是为了避免重复已经出现过的动词,以不定式to来代替整个不定式结构,而正确的答案是B。如果在省略的动词不定式结构中含有be, have或have been, 通常保留be,have或have been。

  2. B 单从答语看,很难确定哪个是正确答案。若用“补全法”,联系问句在头脑中补上省去的部分,便可知孰对孰错。问句中与答语有直接联系的部分是 “but why?”,它的完整意思是 “...but why have you come round?”, 其完整答语应是“I’ve come round to see that all is right.” 答语中省去了主、谓部分,只保留了作目的状语的不定式。由此可知正确选项是B。

  3. B 句中 “half the world’s workers”是对 “one billion people in the world” 的补充说明, “that is”是 “that is to say”的省略说法,是插入语,that并不是引导非限制性定语从句的,如果在 “that is”后加个逗号,则更清楚,应选B为正确答案。

  4. A 项was used to 意为 “过去习惯……”,后面的动词往往加ing 的形式,与本题语意不合,故先排除A 、B项; used to be 中的 “be” 显然有错,因为前面work 是实义动词,故B项也排除;C项used to do 中的 “do ”虽然可以代替work hard, 但用于简略说法时,只宜说 “used to”.

  5. A 该题考查省略句的用法。答语中条件状语从句为省略句,省略了there are。句中不定代词any意为 “any English story books”,在条件状语从句中起强调作用,答案为A。

  6. B 主句是将来时,条件状语从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。前面祈使句中的系动词be已作出提示,从句应为If you are not careful…, 省略If you aren’t,而不是If you don’t。

  7. C 该题考查在会话的语境中,省略了主谓语,只剩下宾语的用法。a little表示肯定,little表示否定,两者均代替不可数名词,根据答语中Yes 的提示,可得知C 为正确答案。

  8. D答句中省略了主语和谓语。在对话中问句通常用完全句,而答语常用省略句,省略主语、谓语或其他成分。

  9. A第一句的谓语用实义动词like,因此第二句就用do作谓语代替like。在并列句中,第二句通常可用neither, either, nor, so, too来引起省略,同时也引起倒装。

  10. B 第一句的谓语为系动词,第二句也用系动词。通常用neither, either, nor来附和对方所否定的事情。用neither和nor时要引起倒装,注意谓语要用肯定形式。

  11. D so和not跟在动词appear, believe, except, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think及词组be afraid后面可省略后面的从句。表示肯定用 so, 否定用not。

  12. A 状语从句常可用when, if, although, however, while等连词直接加上分词或形容词,而省略了句子的其他成分。

  13. B 在带有状语从句的复合句中,如从句与主句的主语相同,且又含 be,可以省去从句的主语和be。在连词whether之后可以接名词、形容词或介词短语。此外连词whether之后省略了the yare, 直接跟名词solids, liquids, gases。

  14. C在主从复合句中,状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同,而且谓语动词里又含有be, 这时可以省略从句的主语和be。本句中让步状语从句完整形式是although he was born in Kentucky。

  15. A 该题考查动词时态和省略句的用法。根据动词时态的呼应关系,主句用将来时,条件状语从句须用一般现在时代替一般将来时。在条件状语从句中,如果谓语含有动词be,其主语又和主句主语一致,或主句为it时,常将从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(be)省略掉。

  16. B 某些表示心理或情感状态的动词如want, wish, expect, hope, like, hate, love, know, care, prefer, mean等,当不定式充当宾语或宾补时,为了避免重复,常省去与前边相一致的动词原形,而保留不定式符号to。

  17. C 某些半助动词后,如be about to, be going to, be able to, be sure to, be certain to, be likely to, be ready to, be supposed to, be obliged to, be bound to, be to后面常省去与前边动词一致的动词原形。

  18. C to be后省略了问句中提到的the manager。如果不定式本身为完成时态,或是动词be,则通常要保留be,have (been)。

  19. B than后为省略的如:一He hasn’t finished the work yet. 一Well, he ought to have. 比较状语从句,省略了they are。事实上从句为被动语态。

  20. C 根据第一个会话者询问的原因,第二个会话者须回答目的,四个选项中只有动词不定式能表目的,D项动词不定式的进行式与题意不符,正确答案为C。


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