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第六节 介词
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/12/17 15:36  新浪教育

  考点透视

  一、表示处所方位的介词

  1.at, in与on表示“在……内”用于内部;on(在……上面)用于表面接触。表示在某地时,at后接小地方,in接大地方。

  What’s on the table? 桌子上有什么?

  When did you arrive at the station?你什么时候到达车站的?

  2.between/among表示“在……之间”

  between表示在两者之间,among表示在三者或三者以上之间。

  I want to talk about the difference between Chinese names and English names. 我想谈谈中国人姓名与英国人姓名的不同之处。

  The village lies among the hills. 村庄位于群山之中。

  3.in, to, on表示“位于”。

  in表示在某范围之内; to表示在某范围之外; on表示“邻”、“接壤”。

  Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

  Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国东部。

  Mongolia(蒙古国)lies on the north of China. 蒙古人民共和国位于中国北部。

  4.above, over, on表示“在……上面”

  above的意思是“在……之上”,“高于……”,表示相对高度,不一定是在正上方,它的反义词是below。

  The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上面飞行。

  over的意思是“在……之上”,表示在垂直之上,其反义词是under。

  There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座桥。

  There is a boat under the bridge. 桥下有一只船。

  on的意思是“在……上面”,表示与表面接触。

  He put the book on the desk.他把书放在课桌上。

  5.by, beside, near表示“在……附近”

  by表示“就在旁边”,较near更近; beside有“近旁”,“紧靠”,相当于next to; near表示“在……附近”,距离不远。

  He sits near the window. 他坐在窗户附近。

  The children are planting trees by the river. 孩子们在河边植树。

  He lives in a town beside the sea. 他住在海边的一个小镇上。

  6.across, through表示“穿过”,“通过”。

  across和through都表示“穿过”,“通过”的意思,across表示从物体表面“穿过”、“通过”;而through则表示从内部“穿过”、“通过”。

  They swam across the river. 他们游过河去。

  They walked through the forest. 他们走过森林。

  7.in, into表示“进入……内”; on/onto表示“在(到)……上”

  in表示“在……之内”,表示位置或处所,侧重状态; into“进入……里”,表示运动或变化,侧重动作。

  He works in a hospital.他在一家医院工作。

  He gets into the lift, and goes up to the twelfth floor. 他进入电梯上到12层楼。

  on“在……上”,表示位置,侧重状态;onto“到……上”,表示位置的改变。

  He lives on the fifteenth floor. 他住在15楼上。

  They lift the baskets onto the truck. 他们把筐装到卡车上。

  二、表示时间的介词

  1.表示时间上一点的介词有at, on, from...to..., till/until, by, since, before, after等。

  (1) at用于表示钟点,夜里,中午,拂晓及某些词组中。

  at six o’clock在六点钟at half past five在五点半

  at night在夜晚at noon在中午

  at daybreak/sunrise在拂晓/日出at sunset在日落

  at the beginning of在……开始时at the end of在……末

  (2) on确定的时间,某日的上午、下午、晚上或一般节日等。

  on December lst,1994 在1994年12月1日in Monday morning在星期一上午

  on the night of October 22nd在10月22日晚上on Christmas Day在圣诞节

  (3) in用于表示在年、月、季节、在上午/下午/晚上/白天等。

  in 1995 在1995年in May, 1992 在1992年5月

  in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上

  in spring/summer/autumn/winter 在春季/夏季/秋季/冬季

  (4) till/until (到……为止) ,在肯定句中要用延续性动词;在否定句中,not....until…译为“直到……才”,谓语动词用短暂性动词。

  You’d better stay in bed till tomorrow. 你最好在床上呆到明天。

  I didn’t go to bed until eleven last night. 昨天晚上我直到11点钟才睡觉。

  until可以用于句首。

  Until yesterday I didn’t know it.直到昨天我才知道这事。

  (5) by表示"不迟于(not later than)"常与过去完成时连用。

  They had seen four English films by the end of last night. 到昨天晚上为止他们已看过四部英语电影。

  (6) since接时间点,通常与完成时态连用。

  I’ve worked here since 1989. 自1989年以来我一直在这里工作。

  2.表示一段时间的介词有in, during, for, through等。

  (1) in表示“在……时间内”或“在……时间后”。

  I hear he’ll be back in a months. 我听说他一个月后来。

  In a few year’s time, those mountains will be covered with trees. 过几年后,那些山上全种上树。

  Can you finish drawing a good horse in five minutes? 你能在五分钟内画出一匹好看的马吗?

  (2) during“在……期间”,强调“自始至终”。

  He wants Mr Hu to give Jim some work to do during the holiday. 他希望胡老师能在假期给吉姆布置些作业做。

  During those three months he asked a lot of questions. 在那三个月期间,他问了许多问题。

  (3) for后接一段时间,可与多种时态连用,如与完成时态连用,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。

  She has worked there for four years. 她在那里工作了四年。

  (4) through = from beginning to end“自始至终,从头到尾”。

  Dr Bethune went on working through the night. 白求恩大夫坚持工作了一个晚上。

  三、常用介词的其他用法

  about“关于”,表示内容

  A story about Lei Feng关于雷锋的故事

  on作“关于”讲,表示论题

  a book on radio一本关于无线电的书

  a talk on the history of the Party关于党史的报告

  like作“像……”解,表示相似

  It looks like a cat. 它看起来象只猫。

  into作“成为……”解,表示转变

  Cutting machines cut big pieces of metal into small pieces.切割机器把大金属块切割成小金属块。

  in表示“穿着、戴着”或“用某种语言/材料”等

  She was in red. 她穿着红衣服。

  Can you say it in English? 你会用英语说它吗?

  Please write it in blue ink.请用蓝墨水写。

  as作“作为”讲,表示身份

  As a student, it is bad manners to come late to class. 作为学生,上课迟到是不礼貌的。

  with有“和……一起”,“具有”,“用某种工具”等意思

  Jim has gone to England with his family. 吉姆和家人一起去英国了。

  He had no paper with him. 他身上没有带纸。

  We see with our eyes. 我们用眼睛看。

  without表示“没有”,“无”。

  You can’t buy anything without money. 没有钱就买不了东西。

  He left without telling his mother. 他没有告诉母亲一声就离开了。

  except作“除了……之外都……”解,表示排除

  All the students went to the People’s Park except Ling Feng. 除凌峰以外所有同学都去了人民公园。

  by表示交通工具、手段、通讯方式等

  I usually go to school by bike.我平常骑自行车上学。

  by bus乘公共汽车by train乘火车

  by air/plane乘飞机by ship/sea乘船

  for表示目的、原因

  We are travelling back to England soon for a holiday. 我们要回英国旅游度假。

  What did he come here for? 他来这里干什么?

  on, over, through作"通过"解,表示 “途径”

  through newspapers/television通过报纸/电视on/over the radio通过收音机

  on TV通过电视by telegraph通过电报

  about(大约),around(大约),over = more than(多于,超过),below = less than(少于,不足)等介词表示“数量”,是“约数”。

  I’ve been here for about two years.我来这里大约两年了。

  There are around 80 pyramids in Egypt.埃及大约有80座金子塔。

  He’s been there for over two years.他在那里两年多了。

  直击中考

  1. —What time did you get there this morning? (2003北京)

  —______ eight.

  A. In B. OnC. At D. From

  [点拨] 答案是C。此题指在考查介词in, on, at, from表示时间的用法。由问句中的what time(什么时间)可知问句问的是时间。表示“在几点几分”用介词at。

  2. We have four classes ______ the morning and then have a rest ______ noon.

  A. in, in B. in, at C. on, at D. at, in(2003厦门)

  [点拨] 答案是B。此题考查介词在固定短语中的用法。in the morning和at noon都是固定词组。又如in the afternoon, in the evening, in the daytime, at night, at midnight, at the age of, at the moment, at the same time, at times等。

  3. His aunt went to America ______ May, 1960. (2003长沙)

  A. fromB. inC. on D. at

  [点拨] 答案是B。此题指在考查介词from, in, on, at表示时间的用法区别。from意为“自从……”。in表示“在某年”,“在某月”或 “在某个季节”。on表示“在某月某日”或具体的某一天。at一般表示“在几点几分”。

  4. Could you tell me if there is a flight to the capital ______ March, 25th? (2003桂林)

  A. in B. on C. at D. of

  [点拨] 答案是B。此题旨在考查介词in, on, at表示时间的用法区别。on表示“具体的,确切的”日期,如“某月某日”或某天的上午/下午/晚上。如on Sunday evening(在星期天的晚上)。

  5. ______ fine mornings, old people get together and do exercise by the lake. (2003扬州)

  A. OnB. At C. ToD. In

  [点拨] 答案是A。“在早晨”为in the morning, 但如果表示“在具体某一天的早晨/上午/下午/晚上”或morning, afternoon, evening等前面有限定词修饰时,要用介词on。

  6. Today some newly-produced mobile phones can take pictures ______ a camera. (2003北京海淀区)

  A. asB. forC. likeD. of

  [点拨] 答案是C。考查as与like的用法区别。由句意判断,“新生产的手机能像照相机一样拍照”。as作介词有“作为”的意思。for, of在句中更将不通。

  7. English is widely used ______ travelers and business people all over the world. (2003安徽)

  A. toB. forC. asD. by

  [点拨] 答案是D。此题考查be used to/for/as/by的用法区别。be used to do sth.意为“被用来做……”;be used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做……”;be used for doing sth.意为“被用来做……”;be used as意为“被用作……”;be used by sb.意为“被某人使用”。题意为“英语被世界各地的旅游者和商人广泛地使用”。

  8. – Would you like some coffee? (2003安徽)

  —Yes, please. By the way, do you have any milk? I prefer coffee ______ milk.

  A. fromB. withC. toD. for

  [点拨] 答案是B。此题易受prefer...to影响而误选C。由前一句的“…do yu have any milk?”判断可知“我喜欢加牛奶的咖啡”。所以选B。

  9. If you work harder______, I think you can do better in the coming exam. (2003辽宁)

  A. just thenB. beforeC. from now onD. once

  [点拨] 答案是C。词语用法辨析题。just then意为“就在那时”;before意为“在……前”;from now on意为“从现在起”;once意为“立刻;马上”。由题意判断,“如果你从现在起更努力学习,我想你能够在下次考试中取得更好的成绩”。

  10. —Your coat looks very nice. What is it made ______?

  —Cotton. And it is made ______ Shanghai.(2003山东济宁)

  A. in; byB. from; byC. by; inD. of; in

  [点拨] 答案是D。此题考查be made of/from/in的区别。be made of意为“由……制造”,指从制成品中能够看出原材料;be made from也是“由……制成”之意,但侧重从制成品中看不出原材料;be made in意为“在某地制造”。

  11. China lies ______ the east of Asia and ______ the north of Australia. (2003天津)

  A. to; toB. in; toC. to; inD. in; on

  [点拨] 答案是B。此题考查in, on, to表示“方位”的用法区别。in表示“在……内的(东西南北)”,强调在某一范围内;on指“在……的(东西南北)”,侧重两者接壤;to指“在……外的(东西南北)”,强调在某一范围之外。

  12. Mum, today is Mother’s Day. Mike and I want to invite you to have dinner ______ us at Shanghai Restaurant, which is famous ______ its seafood. (2003上海)

  A. with; ofB. with; forC. for; toD. to; for

  [点拨] 答案是B。第一句意为“我想邀请你和我们一起在上海饭店吃饭”,with有“和……一起”的意思;第二句意思是“上海饭店以海鲜而闻名”。“以……出名”英语为be famous for; be famous to意为“为……所熟知”。

  13. She prefers to live ______ the working people.

  A. between B. during C. for D. among(2003兰州)

  [点拨] 答案是D。词语用法辨析题。between指“在(两者)之间”;among指“在(三者以上)之间”;during, for用来表时间。题意为“她喜欢生活在劳动人民之间”。

  14. Mrs Brown isn’t here. She has to ______ her baby at home. (2003北京)

  A. look atB. look forC. look likeD. look after

  [点拨] 答案是D。短语辨析题。同一动词与不同的介词搭配,意义不同。look at(看……);look for(寻找);look like(看起来像……);look after(照顾;照看)。由句意判断,“布朗夫人不在这里,她不得不照看婴儿”。

  15. A little boy run into the grass ______ a ball, but he couldn’t follow it. (2003黑龙江)

  A. besideB. behind C. beforeD. after

  [点拨] 答案是D。词义辨析题。beside(在……旁边);behind(在……后边);before(在……前面);after(在……之后)。此句中after有“追随”,“尾随”之意,

  专项训练

  1. Taiwan is one of the provinces of China and it is ______ of China.

  A. in the northeast B. in the southeastC. to the eastD. to the south

  2. —He is talking there too long. We can’t wait any longer.

  —Let’s go to the shop ______ him.

  A. withB. withoutC. forD. towards

  3. My parents are pleased ______ my school work this term.

  A. on B. at C. inD. with

  4. We are all here ______ Li Ming because he is ill.

  A. besides B. and C. except D. of

  5. There is a big shop ______ the other side of the road.

  A. in B. on C. atD. of

  6. Shanghai is ______ the largest cities in the world.

  A. between B. among C. of D. in

  7. Japan lies ______ the east of China.

  A. to B. in C. about D. at

  8. John turned round and looked at him ________ surprise.

  A. inB. withC. atD. by

  9. The children had a good time ______ Christmas Eve.

  A. on B. in C. at D. to

  10. 12. You’ll find the hospital ____ the end _____ the street.

  A. by; of B. in; of C. at; of D. on; of

  11. He has got a chair to sit ______, but nobody to talk ______.

  A. on; toB. ×; withC. on; ×D.×; to

  12. A lot of stone tables and chairs are ______ of the river and the number of them is growing ______.

  A. on both side, greaterB. on each sides, more

  C. on both sides, largerD. on each side, more

  13. Hubei is ______ the north of Hunan.

  A. in B. onC. toD. at

  14. Children shouldn’t be angry ______ their parents.

  A. withB. byC. forD. of

  15. Andy often helps her mother ______ the housework on Sunday afternoon.

  A. to B. withC. forD. of

  16. I think this is the best way to solve the problem. Do you ______ me?

  A. play withB. hear ofC. agree withD. get on well with

  17. —You’d better not go out now. It’s raining.

  —It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______ rain.

  A. inB. ofC. withD. off

  18. My parents are interested ______ music.

  A. at B. with C. in D. on

  19. The students are listening ______ their teacher very carefully.

  A. toB. onC. forD. at

  20. My sister usually thinks ______ her own language first. Then she turns her words into English.

  A. byB. inC. withD. through

  21. —Which necklace have you lost?

  —The one you gave me ______ my birthday.

  A. for B. to C. with D. of

  22. Hawaii is famous ______ its beautiful beaches.

  A. of B. in C. for D. with

  23. We should do something to stop sandstorms______ happening again and again.

  A. from B. on C. by D. to

  24. We can’t live______ air or water.

  A. with B. without C. if no D. haven’t

  25. We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up ______ and walked home.

  A. at the beginningB. in the endC. at firstD. at least

  26. Is the street too narrow for the bus to go ______?

  A. throughB. acrossC.onD. in

  27. The lady was frightened when a cat jumped out______ the box.

  A. on B. in C. behind D. from behind

  28. Some shops open ______ 10:00 a. m. and 3:30 p. m, during the Spring Festival holidays.

  A. at B. between C. from D. about

  29. ______ the help of my teacher. I caught up with the other students.

  A. Under B. In C. With D. On

  30. Usually he writes ______ ink and writes ______ his left hand.

  A. with; in B. in; by C. in; with D. with; by

  答案与解析

  1. B. 常识题。台湾在中国的东南部。

  2. B. 此题可首先排除C, D项。根据上一句We can’t wait any longer可知,我们不等他去商店了,即“不与他一起去了”。

  3. D. be pleased with意为“对……满意”;be pleased at意为“对……高兴”。根据题意,可知“我父母对我这学期的工作很满意”。

  4. C. besides和except都有“除了……之外”的意思。但besides意思是“除了……还有”,含有“另加”之意;而except含义是“除了……之外(都)”,即含有“排除”之意。由后半句because he is ill可知“除了李明(因病没来)之外,我们都到齐了”。

  5. D. on the other side of ...“在……的另一边”,固定搭配。

  6. B. 题意为“上海是世界最大的城市之一”。among意为“在……中间”,“在……之间”。

  7. A. 词义辨析题。lie in表示“位于……”,指在某地范围内;lie on“位于……”,表示两者接壤;lie to作“位于……”解,指在某地范围之外,不接壤。“日本在中国的东边”。两国不接壤。

  8. A. in surprise意为“惊奇地”,是固定短语。

  9. A. on Christmas Eve(在圣诞前夜),on表示确定的日期。

  10. C. at the end of意为“在……尽头/终点”,是固定词组。

  11. A. 坐在椅子上为sit on;talk to sb.为固定搭配。

  12. C. “在河的两岸”英语是on both sides of the river;说“数目”的“大”用large,而不用more。

  13. B. 由常识判断,湖北在湖南的北边,两省接壤。

  14. A. be angry with(生某人的气),固定词组。

  15. B. help sb. with sth.(在某方面帮助某人),固定词组。

  16. C. agree with(同意某人的意见),固定短语。

  17. D. keep off意为“让开,不接近”。

  18. C. be interested in意为“对……感兴趣”,是习惯搭配。

  19. A. listen to意为“听……”,固定短语。

  20. B. in表示“用……语言(说/唱/思考等)”。

  21. A. for表示“为,为了”。

  22. C. be famous for意思是“因……而出名”。

  23. A. stop sb. from doing sth.表示“阻止某人做某事”。

  24. B. without意思是“没有;无”。题意是“没有空气和水我们都不能生存”。

  25. B. 词义辨析题。at the beginning (of)(开始;起初);in the end(最后;末了);at first(起初;开始);at least(至少)。根据题意“我们等了很长时间的出租车,最后不得不放弃,步行回家。”判断。

  26. A. through表示从内部“通过;穿过”;across表示从表面“穿过;通过”。

  27. D. jump out from意为“从……跳出来”。

  28. B. between...and是固定搭配,表示“在……和……之间”。from...to...意为“从……到……”。

  29. C. with one’s help意为“在……的帮助下”,是习惯搭配。此题易受汉语影响而误选A。

  30. C. “用……材料”用介词in; “用……工具”用介词with。


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