英语中为了避免重复使用某个或某些词，或者是为了使上下文联系更加紧密，对句中相同的非关键性词语可用替代词来替代，替代的结果还会使替代词的邻近词受到强调。归纳起来英语中的替代现象主要有四种：

　　一、名词性替代

　　用替代词来替代上文中的名词或名词短语。具体分为：

　　1. 一、二、三人称代词及它们的各种格的形式作替代词，替代上文中的名词及其短语。

　　If you see Mary, please give her this book.

　　Have you received my letter? It was posted a month ago.

　　John and I may move to New York. We hear that the climate there is good.

　　Both you and Nancy can go there by bus. You don't have to walk along with us.

　　2. 不定代词替代名词短语。常用的不定代词有：all, both, some, any, enough, several, many, much, none, (a) few, (a) little, another, others, the other, either, neither等。

　　He lent me two books. Both were worth reading.

　　I don't want any more food. I've had enough.

　　3. one，ones，that，those

　　1)one 通常用来替代已出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心词的名词短语；当one不带任何前置修饰语时，其意义通常是泛指的。

　　I lose a good student and you gain one.

　　If you need a radio，they will provide you with one.

　　当one 用以替代名词短语中心词时，它通常带有限定词；不定代词和物主限定词后常须跟形容词或其他前置修饰语，一起位于one之前。

　　Your car isn't fast enough. Let's take my new one.

　　This desk is too small for me. I'd like a bigger one.

　　2)ones 是one 的复数形式，只能替代复数可数名词，通常不能单独使用，总是带有限定词或前置修饰语。

　　I have a new book and several old ones.

　　He likes yellow roses instead of red ones.

　　3)that， those 常用来替代已提到过的事物，以免重复。

　　The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Hainan.

　　These machines are better than those we turned out last year.

　　4. the same，the former，the latter

　　the same可替代上文中整个名词短语(通常指物)；the former替代前面提到的两者中的前者；the latter替代前面提到的两者中的后者。

　　A：I'd like beef and fish.

　　B: I'll have the same.

　　Jack and Bill are twins, but the former is taller than the latter.

　　二、副词性替代

　　英语中的一些副词，如here， then， thus等，可替代名词短语。

　　I came to this city in 1991. I have lived here for more than ten years.

　　He was still a child in the 1920s. Most people lived a poor life then.

　　Thus ended his life.

　　三、动词性替代

　　用do的一定形式或 do so 来替代动词。

　　1. do (does, did )替代主动词或主动词+补足成分(一般见于肯定结构)。如果被替代的主动词是及物的，则do (does, did )之后须跟宾语。do (does, did)可与情态助动词连用；在否定句和疑问句中还须借助于助动词do的适当形式为操作词。

　　A: Does Tom speak English?

　　B: Yes, he does.

　　She plays the piano better than she does the guitar.

　　Mary studies modern history and doesn't do modern languages.

　　2. do so既可替代“动—宾”谓语结构，也可替代“动—状”谓语结构。有时可以和do that，do it 替换使用。

　　The professor tasted the mixture and he wanted us to do so.

　　He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so?

　　The boys are playing hide-and-seek, and we watched them doing that.

　　3. do与连接性副词so搭配，构成两个常用于作简短反应的句型：

　　1)“So + do + 主语”，表示“某人也如此”。

　　A: I like playing basketball.

　　B: So do I. / So does my brother.

　　2)“So +主语 + do”，表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定，在这种结构中，主语一般与上文主语相同，但间或也可不同于上文的主语，so的意义相当于indeed，certainly等。

　　A: Father, you promised.

　　B: Well, so I did!

　　注：①当主动词have(作“有”解)用于上述两种简短反应时，可有两种形式：一种是用主动词have的一定形式，另一种是用do的一定形式。

　　A: Mary has a new pen.

　　B: Yes, so she has / so she does.

　　②上述两种简短反应，如果上文谓语动词带有情态助动词will，则用“So + will + 主语”和“So +主语 + will”均可。

　　A: Lucy will win the prize.

　　B: So will Joan. ( So she will.)

　　四、分句性替代

　　用替代词替代一个整句或数个整句。

　　1. this，the following

　　this可指前面提到过的事物，也可指后面将提之事；the following 表示“下列，如下”。

　　Later, computers were utilized to work out war plans; later yet, they were installed for application in aircraft, cruisers, destroyers, and tanks. All this contributed greatly to the success of warfare.

　　Please send me the following goods: two pounds of sugar, one pound of butter, and a bag of flour.

　　2. so/not 作替代词

　　1) so/not 取代that-分句，通常带有不甚确定的含义——既不肯定，也不否定，常与I'm afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等词搭配。在能作转移否定的结构中，以用 I don't think so, I don't suppose so更加自然。在表示明显肯定语气或怀疑口气的简短反应中，通常不用so/not。

　　A：Do you think he'll come tomorrow?

　　B: Yes, I think so. (No, I think not.)

　　A: Are the girls coming to the party?

　　B: I'm sure they are / I'm sure of it.( I doubt if they are / I doubt it.)

　　2) so/not 替代分句与从属连词if搭配，构成无动词条件分句if so， if not。

　　We are told that he will come tonight，and if so，our meeting will be held tomorrow. If not， there won't be any meeting tomorrow.

　　3)分句替代词not可与perhaps，possibly，probably，certainly，surely等表示情态意义的副词搭配，构成某些缩略语；与why搭配，构成缩略疑问句why not；但通常不与say，tell等动词搭配，除非主语是作类指的人称代词。

　　A: Is your brother going with you?

　　B: Perhaps not.

　　A: I didn't stop him.

　　B: Why not?

　　(文/陈军宏；英语辅导报 大学一年级版 04～05学年第17、18期； 版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)