教师教学参考:英语句子语法结构歧异现象谈 |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/02/04 16:11 英语辅导报 |
当一个句子的语法结构有两种或两种以上不同解释时,就会得到对句子意义的不同理解,这就是英语中较为常见的一种歧义现象。 一、句子、句分或短语的词序不当引起的歧义。现举几例说明这类语法歧义现象: 1. Li Ming saw the American professor who had visited their school yesterday afternoon. 2. The boys answered the question that the schoolmaster asked without hesitation. 3. I know a man with a dog who has fleas. 4. We made an experiment in gas diffusion yesterday. 5. They watched pairs of people who were sitting in college-shop for at least an hour. 上述句子都含有语义含糊的弊病,每句都可能有两个意思。对句(1)我们不清楚是Li Ming saw the American professor yesterday afternoon, 还是The American professor visited our school yesterday afternoon。对句(2)我们同样不清楚是The boys answered the question without hesitation, 还是The schoolmaster asked the question without hesitation。句(3)的语义也是模棱两可的,究竟是The man has flees, 还是The dog has fleas. 句(4)则可以理解为:(A)我们对昨天的煤气泄漏事故做了一个试验。(《高中英语速查词典》的译法)(B)则可以理解为:昨天我们做了一个气体扩散实验。(笔者赞同的译法)句(5)也出现了(A)他们观察坐在学院咖啡馆里成双成对的人们至少一个小时。[《高中英语教科书》第2册(上)该书《课文注释》](B)他们观察在学院咖啡馆里至少坐上一个小时的成双成对的人。(笔者赞同这种译法) 鉴于上述词序不当引起语义的两重性,我们只需对各例句中的语序作一些调整,即能消除歧义现象: 6. Yesterday afternoon Li Ming saw the American professor who had visited our school. 7. Without hesitation the boys answered the question that the schoolmaster asked. 8. I know a man who has fleas. This man has a dog. 9. Yesterday we made an experiment in gas diffusion. 10. They watched pairs of people who were in college-shop sitting for at least an hour. 二、状语和形容词界限不清引起的歧义现象。请看下列句子: 11. Tom wrapped the bread on the table. 12. The policeman hit the thief around the corner. 13. The air hostess greeted the passengers with a smile. 上述句中的介词短语既可起状语作用,也可起形容词修饰语作用。在句法作用上有相同的歧义。如句(11)中的on the table既可修饰名词短语the bread,也可以作状语,修饰动词短语wrapped the bread。那么该句就有以下两种不同的语义解释: (A)汤姆包了放在桌子上的面包。 (B)汤姆在桌子上包了面包。 同样,句(12)和句(13)都有两种不同的语义解释。如果把各句中的介词短语的位置作一些调整,那么,句子的两义性就不复存在了。 14. On the bable Tom wrapped the bread. 15. Around the corner the policeman hit the thief. 16. With a smile the air hostess greeted the passengers. 三、状语和宾语补足语混淆引起的歧义现象。 介词短语在句中除起状语的作用外,也可起宾语补足语的作用。例如: 17. My father lelf my mother with the customers. 18. We found him on a Wuhan-bound train. 如果我们把句(17)的介词短语with the customers视为状语的话,那么,该句应译为:“我爸爸和顾客们一起离开了我妈妈。”若把with the customers视为宾语补足语,那么就应解释为:“我爸爸让我妈妈和顾客们在一起。”若把句(17)改为下面的说法就不是歧义句了: 19. With the customers, my father left my mother. 20. My father left my mother to be with the customers. 在句(19)中with the customers是状语,而在句(20)中with the customors则是宾语补足语。 21. On a Wuhan-bound train we found him. 22. We found him to be on a Wuhan-bound train. 四、形容词修饰语和宾语补足语混淆导致的歧义现象。 由于介词短语在句中既有修饰语作用,又能起宾语补足语作用,使以下类似的句子都成了歧义句: 23. The policeman found the girl with a mysterious handbag. 24. I saw the elderly woman with a walking stick. 就句(23)而言,它可以理解为“警察找到了那个带着神秘手提包的女子。”这时介词短语with a mysterious handbag起限定性后置形容修饰语作用,该句相当于The policeman found the girl who carried a mysterious handbag.但把该句中的介词短语理解为宾语补足语时,则可以理解为:“警察发现那女子带着一个神秘的手提包。”那么为了清楚地表明句(23)中的介词短语的作用,我们可以改写为: 25. The girl with a mysterious handbag was found(by the policeman). 五、名词作状语和作宾语,或形容词作状语和作宾语补足语混淆产生的歧义现象。 有时单个的名词跟在一个不及物动词之后作状语时,不及物动词像连系动词一样,名词接近表语,说明主语的状态或特征,表示“存在;变化;保持”等意思,起表语的作用,如果把该动词作及物动词来理解,名词作宾语的话,就必然产生歧义。例如: 26. He left a child and came back a father of two sons. 该句把left视作及物动词,就会误译为:“他留下一个孩子,回来时已经是有两个儿子的父亲。”这里应把left当作不及物动词用,应理解为:“他离开时是一个孩子,回来时已经是有两个儿子的父亲。”若改为下面的说法就不会产生歧义: 27. He was a child when he left. He was a father of two sons when he came back. 这种结构与不及物动词跟形容词作状语相似。例如: 28. The bag fell on the floor and broke open.(=The bag was open when it was broken.)糖袋掉到地上掉坏了。 不能理解成:The bag fell on the floor which broke open. 糖袋掉在破开了的地板上。 (文/李桂霞;英语辅导报初中教师版04~05学年第19期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |