初中英语课外辅导:英语考试“全新攻略”(六) |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/02/21 15:12 英语通 |
——句式转换题的题型特点与应对策略 句式转换一般分为两大类:一是按要求改写句子即要求考生将一个句子按不同要求,改写成能够表达其它各种不同意思和语气的句子;二是同(近)义句的转换即改写成同一种意思的另一种表达方式。限于篇幅,本文着重谈谈按要求改写成其它各种不同意思和语气的句子。 【句式类型与特点】 一、肯定句改为否定句 1. 将陈述句改为否定句: ⑴ 改变谓语动词 A. 在系动词be、助动词、情态动词之后加not (n't) ;若句中没有这些词,则根据谓语动词原形、第三人称动词形式或动词过去式而分别在其前面加do not (don't), does not (doesn't) 或did not (didn't) ,并将第三人称动词或过去式改为原形。例如: They are students in Class Four. →They aren't students in Class Four. She read a newspaper after supper yesterday. →She didn't read a newspaper after supper yesterday. 注意:① 要注意分清do/does/did 是行为动词还是助动词;② have(has/had) to的否定形式要借助助动词do的相应形式。例如: David does his homework at weekends.→David doesn't do his homework at weekends. Tom has to see a doctor today. →Tom doesn't have to see a doctor today. B. 当陈述句的谓语动词是have,表示 “有”之意时,改为否定句的方法是:①由have + not + 其它;②由have+no+其它;③由don't(doesn't / didn't)+have+ 其它,如果句中有some / something, 则要改为any / anything。例如: We have some flowers. → We have not /haven't any flowers. / We have no flowers. / We don't have any flowers. 当陈述句的谓语由“have+ 其它词”构成,此时 have 不表示“有”之意时,也不是“助动词”,改为否定句时,则由“助动词do (does, did) + not+have”构成否定结构。例如: They have supper at home.→They don't have supper at home. ⑵ 借助否定意义的词(如:never / nothing / nobody / none / little / few等) 请关注下列词语的转换(肯定句→否定句): some→any; all→none; both→neither; both... and→neither... nor; too→not... either; and→or; always / ever→ never等。例如: He goes to school on foot, too. → He doesn't go to school on foot, either. She was always late for school last term. →She was never late for school last term. 注意:含有something的陈述句,改为否定句有两种方法:其一、在句子相应位置加not, 再把something改为anything;其二、直接把something改为nothing即可。例如: There is something wrong with the camera. →There is not anything wrong with the camera./There is nothing wrong with the camera. 2. 将祈使句改为否定句: 将祈使句改为否定句,通常用的结构为:don't+动词原形。例如: Run with a kite like this.→Don't run with a kite like this. 3. 将动词不定式改为否定形式: 将动词不定式改为否定形式,一般是直接在动词不定式符号to 前面加not。例如: Mother told me to ride on the road. → Mother told me not to ride on the road. 二、陈述句改为一般疑问句 将陈述句改为一般疑问句,通常分两种类型: 类型一:若谓语中有系动词be、情态动词、助动词,则直接将此类词提到主语的前面,句末使用问号,并注意相应人称代词的变换、大小写的变化等。例如: He can say this word in English.→ Can he say this word in English? 类型二:若谓语中不含系动词be、情态动词、助动词等,则需借助助动词 do/did/does。 例如: They had a nice time in the park yesterday. →Did they have a nice time in the park yesterday? 三、陈述句改为反意疑问句 将陈述句改为反意疑问句,通常采用“前肯后否”与“前否后肯”两种结构;其中附加问句部分的主语和动词应与陈述句的主语及动词在人称、数方面要保持一致。例如: Mr Mott got up very late in the morning. →Mr Mott got up very late in the morning, didn't he? You won't be interested in the meeting.→You won't be interested in the meeting, will you? 同学们在掌握一般构成形式的同时,应着重掌握以下一些特例: 1. 当陈述部分是祈使句,附加问句部分一般用will you或won't you;当陈述部分为否定形式的祈使句,附加问句部分只能用will you;以let's开头的祈使句,附加问句部分习惯用shall we;而以let us开头的祈使句,附加问句部分习惯用will you。例如: Come on and have a look. →Come on and have a look, will you / won't you? Let us go fishing now. →Let us go fishing now, will you? 2. 当陈述部分带有no / never / nothing /nobody / few / little / hardly等否定词或半否定词时,附加问句部分的动词一般用肯定形式。例如: Sandy never had lunch at school last term. →Sandy never had lunch at school last term,did she? 3.当陈述部分的主语是表示“人”的someone/everyone/no one/nobody等不定代词时,附加问句部分的主语通常用they或he;当陈述部分的主语为表示“物”的everything/nothing等不定代词时,附加问句部分的主语常用it。例如: Everybody is very excited at the news. →Everybody is very excited at the news, aren't they / isn't he? Nothing can stop her now. →Nothing can stop her now, can it? 四、对划线部分提问 对划线部分提问,就是用一个合适的疑问词去替代句中的某一成分,使之成为一个特殊疑问句。其方法主要是:先依据要求选择相应的疑问词或词组置于句首,而将划线部分去掉,再将其它成分变为一般疑问句语序,句末改用问号。 Emma's going to Hong Kong tomorrow. →Where is Emma going tomorrow? 五、改为感叹句 感叹句通常由what/how引导,what一般修饰名词,how一般修饰动词、副词、形容词,句末用感叹号。应关注几种常见结构: ①How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语!②How (=adv.)+主语+谓语!③What+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+主语+谓语!④What+a/an+adj.+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!⑤How+adj.+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!例如: The film is very interesting. →How interesting the film is! They are nice dishes. →What nice dishes they are! 注意:在一定条件下,what引导的感叹句与how引导的感叹句可相互转换。例如: What delicious mooncakes they are!= How delicious the mooncakes are! What a beautiful flower it is!=How beautiful a flower it is! 【应对策略】 根据以上题型特点,解题时可采用以下步骤与对策: ⑴首先应注意“要求”的内容(因为括号里的要求可迅速把我们的注意力集中在一个很具体的问题上,比如是“对划线部分提问”还是“变否定句”等); ⑵要注意各种句型的特点(比如我们对诸如祈使句、感叹句、反意疑问句等都不知道是怎么回事,又怎么进行正确的转换呢?); ⑶要注意选词的准确(有时要依据空格的位置和数量来确定要填写的词语,有时答案具有不唯一性); ⑷要注意大小写与拼写的准确性及标点的正确使用(如句子开头的首字母务必要大写,感叹句通常使用感叹号“!”等); ⑸要注意特例(有些题容易出错,原因之一就是不注意特例;特例题不一定是难题,要的是细心)。 (文/笑 泉;英语通初二版2004年第12期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |