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1.2.1英语知识运用对基本语法知识的要求(2)

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/11/02 20:16  北大出版社

二、倒装和一致

  (一)倒装

  倒装用来表示一定句子结构或者强调某一部分。倒装的语序有两种:全部倒装和部分倒装。部分倒装指将谓语的一部分提到主语之前;全部倒装指谓语部分全部提到主语之前。

  1.具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时,句子一般部分倒装,即将be动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括:not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner…(than),hardly…(when),not only…(but also)等。

  Never has my brother been abroad before.我哥哥以前没有去过国外。

  Hardly had I sat down when I head you knocking at the door. 我刚一坐下就听见你敲门。

  2.为避免句子部分内容重复,英语中常用倒装句,即:so(neither,nor)+be动词(助动词,情态动词)+主语。

  My father is a teacher; so is my brother.我爸爸是一名教师,我哥哥也是。

  James didn’t finish his homework yesterday; nor did John.昨天詹姆斯没有完成作业,约翰也没有完成。

  注意:1.as或though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句首。

  Wealthy as he is, I don’t envy him. 尽管他很富有,但是我并不妒忌他。

  2.如表示赞同别人的陈述,so后面的部分不分倒装。

  “James is a good boxer.”

  “So he is ,and so is John.”

  詹姆斯是一个好的

拳击手。

  是啊,约翰也是。

  3.如果句首的否定词修饰主语,是主语的一部分,则句子不用倒装。

  Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month.

  4.当so, often, only等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时,句了一般倒装.

  So great was the destruction that the South took decades to recover.

  Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemical.

  Only in this way can we accomplish it on time.

  5.当there, here, then, now等副词置于句首,且谓语动词为come, go, be 等词时,句子一般全部倒装.此类倒装句旨在引起别人的注意.但如果主语是代词,句子则不倒装.

  Look! Here comes taxi.

  Here are comes letters for you to type.

  6..当out, in, away, up, bang 等方位或拟声词置于句首时,句子一般全部倒装.此类倒装句比正常语序的句子更生动、形象。但如主语是代词,句子则不倒装.

  Away flew the bird.

  例1.I could not persuade him to accept it,____ make him see the importance of it.

  A .if only l could not B .no more than l could

  C .or l could not D .nor could I

  【答案】D

  【分析】此句是由两个分句构成的并列结构。前半句用否定形式说明一个动作,后半句更进一层,表明主语另一动作的否定意义。英语中这种情况通常在后半句用nor或neither引出倒装。

  【译文】我无法说服他接受它,我也无法让他认识到它的重要性。

  例2.The organization had broken no rules,but ____ had it acted responsibly.

  A .neither B .so

  C .either D .both

  【答案】A

  【分析】本题考点为否定词neither引导的倒装句。选项B中的so放在句首引起倒装结构,只限于肯定句中表示对前后两句不同主语同样动作的肯定,显然在这题中不合适。

  【译文】该组织没有违反规定,但也不够负责。

  例3.Then ____ that their products sell well in the world markets.

  A .the news came B .did the news come

  C .had the news come D .came the news

  【答案】D

  【分析】此句为全倒装,引导词then后直接跟谓语,无需助动词前置,因而选择came the news。

  【译文】然后就传来了他们的产品在国际市场走俏的消息。

  (二)一致

  一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在性,数等方面应保持一致。主谓一致指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致。

  1.学科名称和疾病名称作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

  某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式,但这些词作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。这些词包括:electronics(电子学),mechanics(力学),classics(古典文学),linguistics(语言学),economics(经济学), statistics(统计学), physics(物理学), mathematics(数学)等。

  Electronics is a piece of cake to him.

  Quantum mechanics(量子力学)supplies methods for calculating the results of experiments in all those realms.

  2.集体各词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

  如集体名词在句中意指整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式;如在句中意指其具体成员,谓语动词用复数形式。这类集成名词成语包括:army, audience, class, committee, crowd, couple,family, group, staff, team, public, cabinet, band等。

  The population of the earth is increasing very fast.

  One third of the population here are farmers.

  3.表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

  表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词(或词组)作主语时,如只指一种、一本或一个,不论它形式上是单数还是复数,谓语动词只是单数形式。

  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by the famous American humorist Mark Twain.

  The New York Times is not available here.

  The United States was founded in 1776.

  4.单复数同形的名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

  单复数同形的饿名词作主语时,要根据句子意思来确定谓语动词的单复数形式,单复数同形的名词包括:aircraft,deer,fish,sheep,means,species,series,works,crossroads,headquarters等。

  Various means of transport are introduced in this article.

  There are already 137 species of butterflies known in the world today.

  5 表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致这些复数名词,如表示抽象概念,被视作一整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;如表示具体的多少,强调复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。

  Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you.

  Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.

  6.由with, as well as等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

  如作主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时,谓语动词仍用单数形式:with, along with, together with, besides, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, but等。

  The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.

  A scientist, together with his assistants, was sent to help solve that problem.

  7.and连接的两个名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词一致

  一般情况下,and连接的两个名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。但有些情况下,and连接的两个名词意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。通常,如果两个名词只有一个限定词或限定词修饰时,它们常常表示一个概念,如果两个名词分别有两个限定词修饰时,它们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外,如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each, every, many a, no等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。

  War and peace is a constant theme in history.

  The wear and tear on the machine is obvious.

  8.连词or等连接两个名词(或代词)作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

  连词or, either…or…neither…nor…,not only…but also…连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词必须和靠它较近的一个名词或代词取得一致,这就是就近一致原则。

  Either I or they are responsible for it.

  Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.

  注意:1.more than one 后接单数可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但如果more than one本身作主语,谓语动词则用复数形式。

  2.either, neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

  3.one or two后接复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。

  4.one of后接复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

  5.动词不定式、动名词短语、名词性从句等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

  6.none本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时,如代表不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式,如代表可数名词,谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。

  7.one and a half 后接的名词应是复数形式,但谓语动词用单数形式。如:One and a half years has passed.

  例1.The replacement of shops such as the grocer s and chemist's by cafes ____ the housewives with insufficient facilities for shopping.

  A .leave B .have left

  C .has left D .is leaving

  【答案】C

  【分析】本句的主语是replacement,其谓语动词应用单数形式,因此选项C为正确答案。选项D表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,与题意不符。选项A和B为复数形式,与主语replacement不一致,因此不能予以考虑。

  【译文】用咖啡店来取代杂货店和药店给家庭主妇们带来了很大的不便。

  例2.The atmosphere is as much a part“the earth as____its soils and the water of its lakes,rivers and oceans.

  A .are B .is

  C .do D .has

  【答案】A

  【分析】句中as much....as的意思是“和……一样,正如”,后一个as引出的是一个主谓倒装的比较从句。根据主句的结构,比较从句中的谓语应该是系动词be,而从句中的主语是soils and the water,谓语要用复数形式,所以A项are是正确答案。

  【译文】大气是地球的一部分,同样,土壤及湖泊、河流和海洋中的水也是地球的一部分。

  例3.Many a boy and many a girl _____ it with ____ own eyes.

  A .has seen...his B .has seen...their

  C .have seen...his D .have seen...their

  【答案】A

  【分析】本题考点是主谓一致,虽然主句中的主语是两个并列结构"many a and many a",但谓语要用单数形式,从而排除C和D项。而B项答案前是单数形式,但后一空选择了复数形式的"their",因而不对。故选A。

  【译文】很多男孩和女孩亲眼看见了。

  

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