三. 起伏

　　1.…to go up and down …起伏不定

　　eg. The strike rate went up and down during the period from 1952 to 1967.

　　2.There be ups and downs …有起有伏

　　eg. Between 1972 and 1979, there were several ups and downs in (某方面).

　　四. 稳定

　　1.…to remain steady/level/unchanged …保持稳定，几乎不变

　　eg. The rate of …remained steady (fairly level/almost unchanged) during the four years from 1963 to 1967.

　　2.…to level off (vi.)

　　eg. After a steady decline for a whole decade, the …rate shows signs of leveling off.

　　注意：

　　修饰起伏或稳定状态的副词有：

　　almost fairly 可以用于表达起伏，稳定状态的句子中的词组或句型：

　　the general situation was not worsening

　　show indications of improvement

　　it can be predicted that…

　　eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,and it can be predicted that the general situation was not worsening.

　　eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,showing signs of improvement in …

　　五. 成正比，反比

　　1.…be in direct /inverse ratio to/with 与…成正比/反比

　　eg. Male illustrations are in direct ratio to /with the advancement of grades, while female illustrations are in inverse ratio.

　　六. 占百分之几，几分之几

　　1….to form/comprise/make up/constitute ….percent …占百分之…

　　eg. Women comprise more than 50% of the US.population.

　　eg. Females make up only 24% of the illustrations whereas males constitute 76%.

　　2.…to form/comprise/constitute a half/third/fourth of……占…的1/2,1/3,1/4

　　eg. Female illustrions form less than a fourth of the total.

　　3.…account for…percent 占百分之几

　　eg. ……, accounting for approximately 20 percent of…

　　七. 倍数

　　1.A be …times as much/many as B

　　eg. The annual rainfall of Hunan is 5 times as much as that of Sichuan.

　　2.A doubles/is half/triples B A是B的两倍，一半，三倍

　　eg. The annual rainfall of Jidda doubles that of Janta, but is only half the amount of rain Kuwait receives each year.

　　附一 圆盘比例型图表 例： 一个圆盘显示了大学生在food, books, transportations, entertainment, clothes, unknown中的开销，它们各自占的比例依次是60%,3%,5%,10%,10%,12%，要求你描叙这个圆盘图。 描述:

　　The above pie chart consists of 6 segments, the largest one representing food, which accounts for 60% of the total. Clothes and entertainment each takes up 10%. 5% goes to transportation and 3% books. All the rest expenses, 12% of all ,is spend on unknown items.

　　总结写作模式：

　　…pie chart consists of…segments, the largest one representing…,which accounts for …of the total.…each takes up….…goes to….All the rest…, …of all,……. .

　　八.原因结果

　　1….(结果)…, owing to (原因) [owing to 为分词结构]

　　2….(结果)…, attributable to(原因) [attributable to为形容词短语]

　　3….(结果) lie in the fact that(原因) [ 同位语从句 ]

　　4….(结果)result from(原因) [句型一般]

　　5. It is precisely because (原因)…that (导致结果)… [强调结构]

　　6. …, as a result, …(导致结果)… [as a result做插入语]

　　7. (原因)be responsible for(结果) [常见句型]

　　8. (原因)，which in turn(结果)

　　eg. They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic.

　　九.采取措施，提出建议

　　1. My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place,…. Secondly,…. Finally,… [常见句型]

　　2. If we let the situation go as it is, …. By that time, …. 如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那么……。到那个时候，……。[比较好的句型]

　　3. More and more people are realizing the importance of…[进行时态， more and more比many好]

　　4. Great efforts/More measures/Due attention must be taken/paid to do …[ 被动语态，due attention 和be paid to 搭配]

　　5. If……, will there be anything that can make me even happier? 如果(我们怎么怎么做)，那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。[条件句，反问句]

　　6. It is important/necessary/urgent/desirable(希望)/advisable(明智) for sb. to do sth. [It is …for …to do…句型]

　　7. enhance the awareness of people that…

　　8. The first nut for us to crack is… 我们首先要解决的是……。 [比The first thing we should do is … 句型 高级的多，精彩的多，生动的多]

　　9. ……as soon as possible [常见句型]

　　10. sth. be of the utmost importance [ be of n. 结构， 比sth. be much important好]

　　十.方式，比较

　　1. (Just) as …, so… 正如… [ 比较句型 ]

　　eg. Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases.

　　2. in much the same way/manner that… 正如…, 和…一样

　　eg. The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do.

　　十一. 让步

　　1. now that …… 既然…… [让步从句]

　　eg. Now that the decision has been made, we must try our best to carry it out.

　　2. unless…not… [ 让步从句]

　　eg. It is a vicious cycle and unless you consider these social, economic and environmental problems in one context, you are not serious about meeting the challenges. [注意例句中的consider sth. in one context句型:把什么事情放在一起加以综合考虑]

　　十三. 强调句

　　1. only [既是强调句,又是倒装句]

　　eg. Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation.

　　2. It is …that…

　　eg. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.

　　3. nothing but 只不过；只有…

　　eg. If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking, our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(这里nothing but 可以去掉,不影响句意,但有了nothing but,就强调了后面的名词)

　　十四. 假设

　　1. Supposing……, it is likely that…. 假设…, 那么很可能… [假设, 虚拟语态]

　　eg. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement.

　　十五. 反问

　　1. What else can …? ……..还能做什么呢?

　　eg. What else can the poor parents do but obey? 这些可怜的家长除了听从外还能做什么呢?

　　2. How could ……? 怎能….

　　eg. How could I put the English books aside to read pastime books?

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