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第四课 外贸政策

http://www.sina.com.cn 2006/04/04 16:56  新浪教育

  第四课 关于外贸政策

  Lesson 4 On Foreign Policy

  概述

  这是一封自荐信,实际上也是建立业务联系的信件,可以结合第一课建立业务联系的相关内容学习。

  这是一封自荐信,全信共5段,包括5个要点:第一要点:写信人的信息来源,第二要点:为写信人的打算及自我介绍,第三要点:寄送资料,第四要点:说明外贸政策,第五要点为结尾语。

  复习重点

  to be indebted to somebody for something

  to be indebted to somebody for something 是这种句式基本语序,但在实践中,如果somebody是一个比较长的短语,为了使整个句子读起来更通顺,更容易理解,就可以把它挪到句尾:to be indebted to somebody for something.

  如本课 We are indebted for your address to the Commercial Counselor's Office of the Algerian Embassy in Beijing. 我们得知你公司的地址,要感谢阿尔及利亚驻北京大使馆商赞处。在这里,要感谢的人是the Commercial Counselor's Office of the Algerian Embassy in Beijing. 阿尔及利亚驻北京大使馆商赞处,这是个比较长的短语,所以放在句尾。

  inform/advise

  They have informed us that……该处已经告知我们……

  Inform 做通知讲时,可与advise换用。

  常用结构:

  a. 宾语后接of短语: in form (advise) somebody of something. 不过近来国外来信有省略介词of的现象。We shall in form (advise) you (of) the date of shipment.我们将把装运日期通知你方。

  b. 宾语后接从句 inform (advise) somebody + that/what/which: We wish to inform (advise) you that business has been done at US$110 per metric ton. 我们已经以每公吨110美元的价格成交,特此告知。

  c.兹通知(你们)……Please be informed (advised) that……: Please be informed (advised) that we have already sent the samples requested. 兹通知你方,我方已经将所索样品寄出。

  注意:如果省略宾语(人称代词)则不宜使用inform。如:Please advise the name of steamer. 请告知船名。Please advise what quantity you can sell a year.请告知每年可销售的数量。在这种情况下,不能用inform,只能用advise。

  in the market for something

  in the market for something 是书面语言,表示想买进某物。如课文中:You are in the market for Chemicals. 你公司要购买

化工产品。

  除此以外,in the market for something 也可以引申于“乐于接受某物”。如:I'm always in the market for good new ideas.我总是乐于接受有益的新建议。

  in the market 是想要买(或卖)的意思。如:Please advise us when you are in the market.当你们想要买(或卖)时,请告知我们。

  In the market 还可以做“上市,出售,可以买到”解,同on the market可以相互替代。

  如:This is the best article on the market.这是市场上可以买到的最好的商品。

  又如:The article will be on the market.商品本周就会上市。

  其他一些在商业中会用到的market词组:

  at the market 主要用于交易所,意思是:照市价,照当前最好的行情。

  bring to market, put on the market, come into the market 都可以用来表示:在市场上出售,投放市场。如:The new color TV will come into the market soon. 新型彩色电视机不久将投放市场。

  lose one's market 失去做买卖的机会。如:We don't want to lose our market by sticking to have it at the market price. 我们不想因为坚持按市价购进而失去做买卖的机会。

  price out of the market (商品)定价过高而无人购买。如:If you don't accept a low profit, you'll price yourself right out of the market. 如果你不同意降低利润,就只有漫天要价无人问津了。

  Enclose

  enclose 是动词,表示“封入”。商业信件中常有在 enclose后加herewith的,如We enclose herewith a copy of our price list. 但最好不用,因enclose与herewith在意义上重复。

  表示附在某封信内,用介词with 或 in: Please refer to the price list enclosed with (or: in) our letter of August 5. 请查阅8月5去信所附的价目表。

  过去分词enclosed作表语时,常倒装置于句首。如A copy of our Export List are enclosed.

  在课文中将enclosed 倒装:Enclosed herewith is a copy of our Export List 现随函附寄我公司出口商品表一份。

  过去分词enclosed作宾语补足语时,也常倒装置于句首或置于谓语动词之后:Enclosed please find a copy of our price list. (或 Please find enclosed a copy of our price list.) 随函附寄我公司价目表一份。

  过去分词enclosed可作名词,前面加定冠词:We believe you will find the enclosed interesting. 我们相信你们对所附之件会感兴趣。

  Requirements

  requirement 表示需要时,常用单数,后接介词of: We have noted your requirement of samples and catalogues.我们已经注意到你们需要样品和商品目录。

  表示需要的货物或需要量时常用复数,后接介词for或of: We can meet your requirements for Walnut meat.我们可以满足你方对核桃仁的需要。Please let us know your annual requirements of Walnuts.请告知你方对核桃的年需求量。

  注意:表示满足需要,除meet外,还可以用satisfy, fill, supply 等动词。

  Promote

  to promote both business and friendship促进业务和友谊;

  可替代的用法是:to promote friendship as well as business 。

  trade in 和trade with

  in our trade with customers in the Asian-African countries我们在同亚非国家的客户进行贸易时;

  trade 做动词用时,表示“从事贸易,做生意,经营”。

  注意:和某人做贸易接with, 经营某项商品接in. 如:They trade mainly in cotton piece goods.他们主要经营棉布。

  第五课——第九课 锡箔交易

  Lesson 5 -- Lesson 9 Tin Foil Sheets

  概述

  第五课至第九课共包括7封信。这7封信都围绕着同一笔交易,即关于锡箔的交易。从锡箔的询盘、报盘、还盘,拒绝还盘到对锡箔的定单的确认与谢绝,反映了这笔锡箔交易的不同环节和不同侧面。因此,在学习中应该注意这几封信联系,将它们作为一个整体去理解。

  复习重点

  询价和报盘:

  description of an article/name of commodity

  意思是商品名称。在商业书信中,我们常常可以看到许多表示商品或货物的词汇,如:commodity, goods, article, merchandise, cargo, material, item, product, supply, order 等。

  下面简单介绍一下这些词汇的用法:

  commodity是比较正式的用语,通常指较大范围的商品,尤其指一个国家的主要商品。Commodity是可数名词。

  goods不是指一件商品,而是统指货物。Goods永远是复数形式,不能与数词连用。

  Merchandise 也是泛指商品,不特指某一商品,但没有复数形式,前面也不可加不定冠词。

  article 作商品解时,常常指一种商品,而不是指一类商品,同一种商品而有不同规格,商品编货号,常用此词,如在课文中。

  Cargo = goods carried in a ship。即船上所载的货物。如:The steamer sailed with full cargo.该轮满载起航。 注意这里不能用goods 代替cargo。说与装运有关的货物时也可以用cargo, 但不如goods普通。如:We expect to ship the goods (可用cargo) in a few days。 如果不是在船上的货物,又跟装运没有关系的货物,不能用cargo, 如:As soon as the goods (不能用cargo) are available, we will call you.

  material 一般指作原料用的商品。

  item 名词item本义是“项目”,但在商业函件中常用来代表前面提到的货物,如:We note your are interested in walnut meat but regret to advise that this item is not available at present. 尤其在介绍目录中的商品项目时常用此词,如:You can buy these items through the catalogue. 你能从目录中买到这些项目。product 指产品。supply 和order的用法,在第二课精讲中讲过。

  支付

  terms of payment 支付条件。

  外贸中常用的支付方式有3种:

  (1) Remittance: Mail Transfer (M/T), Telegraphic Transfer (T/T),Demand Draft (D/D)

  (2) Documentary Collection: a. Documents against payment (D/P): Documents against payment at sight (D/P sight), Documents against payment after sight (D/P after sight) b. Documents against acceptance (D/A)

  (3) L/C: 信用证是可数普通名词,单数为(a)letter of credit, 复数为 letters of credit; 但在商业书信中常作大写,单数为(a)Letter of Credit, 复数为 Letters of Credit;且常用大写缩写,单数为(an)L/C,复数为Ls/C。此外,商业书信有时也用credit一个词表示信用证,复数为credits. 开立信用证,最普通的是open an L/C,比较正式的说法是establish an L/C,从银行的角度可以说issue an L/C。改证是 amend an L/C。展证是extend an L/C。

  关于信用证的常用词组:

  即期信用证:letter of credit available by draft at sight, letter of credit payable against draft at sight, letter of credit available by sight draft, letter of credit payable against sight draft, sight L/C (在商业书信中常用);

  远期信用证: usance L/C, time L/C, term L/C. 注意: 见票后多少天支付的说法很多, 常见的有: L/C available by draft at 30 days after sight 见票后30天付款; usance L/C at 30 days after sight 见票后30天付款; time L/C at 30 days after sight 见票后30天付款; term L/C at 30 days after sight 见票后30天付款; usance L/C at 30 days 见票后30天付款; time L/C at 30 days 见票后30天付款; term L/C at 30 days 见票后30天付款。

  其他: confirmed L/C 保兑信用证,irrevocable L/C 不可撤消信用证,documentary L/C 跟单信用证,transferable and divisible L/C 可转让与可分割信用证,revolving L/C 循环信用证,back to back L/C 背对背信用证,reciprocal L/C 对开信用证。

  另外,当数量条款定有溢短装条款时,付款条件中也应有所反映:

  Payment: By confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight. The L/C should include a clause 5% more or less for both the quantity and the amount allowed.保兑的、不可撤销的信用证付款。信用证必须包括装货数量和总值都有5%溢短的条款。

  Payment: By confirmed, irrevocable L/C, allowing 5% more or less both in amount and in quantity.保兑的、不可撤销的信用证, 数量和总值均允许5%溢短。

  此外,付款条件的替代用法很多:

  Payment: By confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable at sight against presentation of shipping documents in China. 保兑的、不可撤销的信用证, 凭装运单据在中国即期支付。

  Payment (payment has to be made by) : By confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight which should reach us at least one month before the shipping date, and should remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the date of shipment. 保兑的、不可撤销的信用证, 至迟应在装运期前一个月开达我方,在中国支付,信用证有效期至装运期后15天止。

  For payment, please arrange for an irrevocable letter of credit, valid until June 30, to be opened in our favour with the ABC Bank.关于付款,请安排由ABC银行开立以我方为受益人,有效期至6月30日截止的不可撤销的信用证。

  Payment should be made under an irrevocable letter of credit which is to be opened in our favour within a week after the date of your order.付款条件,在你方定货后一个星期内开立以我方为受益人的,不可撤销的信用证。

  价格

  合同中的价格条款包括单价(price)和总值(amount)。表示单价用介词at.

  合同中的单价条款包括4个部分:计价货币、计量单位、贸易术语、单位价格金额。报价时,这4个部分一定要完整,缺一不可。

  凡价格中不包括佣金或折扣的,即是净价。有时为了明确说明成交的价格是净价,在价格术语后可加注“净价”(NET)字样。例如:US$ 35 per dozen F.O.B net Shanghai 每打F.O.B.净价上海35美元。

  Subject to:

  subject to……视……而定,以……为条件。如:

  This offer is subject to your reply being received by September 1.本盘9月1日前复到有效。

  This offer is subject to prior sale.本盘以先卖为准。

  This offer is subject to the goods being unsold.本盘以货物未售出为准。

  To be in a position to

  to be in a position to 表示能够,是外贸书信中常用的成语,与can和to be able to是同义词。

  To be desirous

  to be desirous表示渴望。可以接不定式短语:We are desirous to establish… ;也可以加of接动名词:We are desirous of establishing trade relations with you.

  By return

  by return表示立即,收信后立即回信,是书信中常见的成语,只是这成语有点陈旧。

  还盘:

  usual terms

  usual terms 表示按惯常条款。

  除了课文中的用法“offering us 50 long tons of the captioned goods at Stg. 235 per long ton CFR Shanghai, usual terms按惯常条款给我方50长吨标题货物报盘”。

  也可以用terms as usual 代替usual terms, 用on, according to, under 代替逗号。

  如: ……, offering us 50 long tons of the captioned goods at Stg. 235 per long ton CFR Shanghai on (according to, under ) usual terms (terms as usual). ……, 按惯常条款给我方50长吨标题货物报盘。

  因价格高而不能接受报盘

  ……our end-users here find your price too high and out of line with the prevailing market level.……我方用户认为你方价格过高,与现行市场行情不一致。

  在谈到价格高低时,可以用price, 也可以用quotation。如:We find your quotation too high to be acceptable.

  Prevailing的意思是“流行的”,level的本义是水平,常常被引申为价格(水平)。

  如:Business is hopeful if your reduce your level. 如果你方能够降低价格,成交有望。

  又比如:to sell something at your level. 按你方价格出售某物。

  或to sell something at our level. 按我方价格出售某物。

  prevailing market level 是指现行行市。

  out of line with……表示“与……不相符合”。

  out of line with the prevailing market level是指与现行行市不相符合。

  类似用法:

  Your counteroffer is not up to the present market level.你方的还价不符合现行的市场水平。

  Your price is not on a level with the current market.你方价格与当前的市场水平不相吻合。

  Your counteroffer is not at all in keeping with the current rate.你方还价不符合现行的价格水平。

  注意,与……不相符合是out of line with ………,而要说与………相符合则是 in line with ……

  如: While our price is in line with the prevailing international market rate, we are not in a position to consider any concession in our price, much to our regret.我们所报的价格完全符合当前国际市场行情,歉难在价格上作任何折让。

  另一种常见的表达法为in compliance with…………。

  如:Our quotation is in compliance with the present level. 我们所报价格符合当前市场水平。

  reply 和answer:

  reply 和answer这两个词都是既可以作名词,又可以作动词。

  在商业函电中,常用reply,不常用answer。

  作为名词 answer和 reply 都接介词to,如:an answer to a letter, a reply to a letter。

  作为动词,answer既可以用作及物动词,又可以用作不及物动词。因此,to answer a letter 和 to answer to a letter都可以说,当然前者比较普遍。

  Reply用作“答复”解释时,只可以作为不及物动词用。因此,可以说to reply to a letter, 不可以说reply a letter。

  谢绝还盘:

  On the high side

  谈论价格高到什么程度:

  Your price is a bit high. 你方价格有点高。

  Your price is on the high side. 你方价格偏高。

  Your price is excessive. 你方价格过高。

  Your price is rather high. 你方价格相当高。

  Your price is too high. 你方价格太高。

  Your price is prohibitive. 你方价格高得令人望而却步。

  Your price is high. 你方价格高。

  这是说价格高,而价格低可以说:

  Your price is low. 你方价格低。

  Your price is on the low side. 你方价格偏低。

  Your price is too low. 你方价格太低。

  我们还常说:

  Your price is competitive. 你方价格有竞争力。

  Your price is acceptable. 你方价格可接受。Your price is reasonable. 你方价格是合理的。

  Your price is attractive. 你方价格有吸引力。

  Your price is unreasonable. 你方价格不合理。

  Your price is unworkable. 你方价格做不开。

  Your price is impracticable. 你方价格不可行。

  Your price is infeasible. 你方价格行不通。

  Your price is realistic. 你方价格不现实。

  在这种情况下,既可以指价格高,又可以价格低,需要视情况而定。一般说,出自买方之口指高,卖方之口指低。

  To the extent: to the extent表示到达这样的程度。

  For your information: for your information=for your reference 是供你方参考的意思。但如果遇到严肃的事,就不宜用这一短语。

  See our way clear: see our way clear 是设法的意思,clear在这里可以用,也可以省略。

  keep us posted (informed, advised) of developments at your end: 意思是:请随时告知你处情况的发展(变化)。除了用at the end, 还可以用:类似用法还有:in your place; in your region; in your area; on your side; in your market; in your city; 等等。

  确认定货与谢绝定货:

  reduce & reduction: reduce 是动词,reduction 是名词,后面接介词in,意思是减低、减少。减价还可以用cut。如:In order to close this deal we shall further reduce (cut) our price. We have made 8% reduction in our price. 另外,减到某一程度用bring down to,如:We bring down our price to the level you indicated in your letter of August 5. 略减用shade,如:We shade our price.

  Referring to: referring to =with reference to 意思是关于,是商业书信中常用的短语,尤其在一封信的开首句里。

  第十课——第十一课 实盘与虚盘

  Lesson 10 Firm Offer

  概述

  报盘可以从不同的角度分类。按照是否具有法律约束力可以将报盘分成实盘与虚盘。是报盘人在规定的一定期限内愿意按所提条件达成交易的肯定表示,是具有法律约束力的报盘。学习本课,要参考与巩固前面几课有关询盘与报盘的内容,并重点掌握实盘与虚盘的不同特点。

  这一部分包括3封信。对手拣花生报实盘、对天坛牌男衬衫的询价,以及对天坛牌男衬衫报虚盘。

  在学习中,要注意两点:

  (1)不管是从语言点还是从业务点上来看,这几封信都没有更新的商业现象。因此,要结合前几课有关询价信与报盘信的讲解去掌握,重在复习和巩固已经学过的知识点,熟练掌握询价信与报盘信的写法。

  (2)注意区分实盘与虚盘的不同特点。报盘可以从不同的角度分类:按照报盘形式不同可以分成口头报盘和书面报盘;按照报盘人不同可以分成卖方报盘(即售货报盘)和买方报盘(即购货报盘);按照对发盘人是否具有法律约束力可以分成实盘和虚盘。实盘firm offer 是报盘人在一定期限内愿意按所提条件达成交易的肯定表示,是有法律约束力的报盘。报盘人在有效期不得随意撤回或修改报盘内容,报盘一经受盘人在有效期内无条件接受,交易即告成立,双方就有了法律约束力的合同关系。因此,发实盘,一般都有时间的限制(即有效期)。虚盘non-firm offer 是报盘人所做的非承诺性表示。虚盘都附有保留条件,这样就排除了对方只要接受就可以成交的权限。这类保留条件通常以一些带限制性的短语来表示。

  复习重点

  bid

  在国际贸易中,一般由卖方发盘或报盘,但有时,出于策略上的考虑,如卖方的商品供不应求,看涨,或是对当前的市场情况还不清楚,或是不知买方是否有诚意购买,常常要求买方先出盘,,以便集中对比,然后决定与谁成交。这种买方出的盘叫递盘(bid)。Bid也是一种报盘。

  Bid 做名词时,常与动词make连用,基本结构是make ab a bid at a price for sth.。They made a bid at US$2,500 for Walnut-meat.他们对核桃仁曾按单价2,500美元递价。

  Bid做动词用的常用句型为bid a price for sth. Last week we bid US$…… per metric ton for Green Tea.上星期我们对绿茶递价每公吨……美元。

  另外bid也可做“投标”解。

  重要表达式

  (1)to make you firm offers for both Groundnuts and Walnut meat CFR Copenhagen报花生和核桃仁两货CFR哥本哈根实盘

  (2) Hand-picked, Shelled and Ungraded Groundnuts 手拣去壳不分级花生

  (3) European Main Port 欧洲主要口岸

  (4) This offer is firm, subject to your reply reaching us within one week此确盘一周内复到有效

  (5) the best price we can quote这是我们能报的最好价

  (6) As regards walnut meat关于核桃仁

  (7)to be under offer elsewhere已向别处报盘

  (8) to make us an acceptable bid给一个合适的(可接受的)递盘

  (9)there has been a large demand for the above commodities对上述两商品的需求甚殷

  (10)result in increased price结果导致价格上涨

  (11)avail yourselves of the advantage of this strengthening market 可以得到这方面的好处。

  (12)to be well connected with major dealers in the line of textiles与主要

纺织品经营商有良好联系

  (13)to be of good quality and competitive in price品质优良,价格又有竞争性

  (14)best firm offer最优惠实盘

  (15)to rush us samples by airmail立即以航邮将样品寄来

  (16)If your shirts agree with the taste of our market, we feel confident of placing a trial order with you. 如你方的衬衫符合我地市场需要, 我们有信心向你方试订

  (17)By 100% confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit 100%保兑的、不可撤销的信用证

  (18)in our favour 以我方为受益人

  (19)by draft at sight凭即期汇票支付

  (20)to reach the sellers one month before shipment 在装运前一个月开到卖方

  (21)remain valid for negotiation in China till the 15th day after shipment装船后15天内在中国议付有效

  (22)samples of various sizes各种尺码的样品

  (23)Please email us your acceptance for our confirmation请电邮接受,以便我方确认

  (24)a choice variety of Chinese tea 上等中国茶叶

  (25)commodity (goods, product) in cheaper qualities 比较低档商品

  本文转自《花落雪的BLOG》,点击查看博客原文

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