Directions:

　　Read the following texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.

　　Text 1

新托福考试决胜宝典 外经贸大远程学历热招 对日就业班热招 朗阁雅思寒假报疯了！

　　During World War II, the American scientific economy was mobilized under the direction of Vannevar Bush and worked medical and military miracles, including penicillin, microwave radar, and the atomic bomb. To many scientists and policymakers, it seemed evident at the end of the war that, in the interests of the nations military security, public health, and economic welfare, the Federal government had to support programs of basic and applied scientific research and training. Nevertheless, the question of how that goal should be accomplished ignited major battles over the structure and control of postwar science.

　　One major cluster of conflicts stemmed from the fact that the Cold War increasingly made national security the predominant focus of Federal policy for research and development. The military or military related agencies like the Atomic Energy Commission provided the vast majority of Federal support for basic research, including most of what was conducted on the campuses. American researchers chafed at the attendant security restrictions, which were tight—unreasonably so, many thought—in the nations atomic energy program. A second class of disputes involved the question of how to achieve the goals of postwar science. The issue pitted heirs of the practically oriented critics of late 19thcentury science against heirs of John Wesley Powell, with his strong conviction that unfettered science best served the general welfare. The latterday enthusiasts of practicality found an exponent in Sen. Harley M. Kilgore, a New Dealer who wanted to advance science and technology to accommodate liberal social purposes. For example, aiding small business or fostering pollution control or lowcost rural electrification were goals that the market economy by itself likely would not attend to. Kilgore insisted that lay interest groups, like labor and consumers, have a role in shaping Federal science policy and that at least part of the money in all fields be distributed on a geographical basis.

　　Bush had a sharply different answer to the question of postwar science, and he prepared Science—the Endless Frontier not just to advance it, but to head off Kilgore. The report made no mention of geographical distribution of research funds. Bush judged that such monies should be distributed to the best investigators, wherever they were located. It rejected targeting research to particular social or economic purposes and including lay interest groups in the shaping of Federal science policy. Bush held, above all, that the social and economic benefits of basic scientific research and training were realized best by the mechanisms of the free market, by private initiative. Science—the Endless Frontier stressed that Federal science policy should be insulated from political control, since, in Bushs view, such control would permit the political system to determine the kind of research to be encouraged.

　　In the end, this vision won out because scientists like Bush, Conant, and others worked hard to educate military officers, government officials, and Congressmen about the autonomy and freedom necessary to the flourishing of firstrate science. In all, the kind of open, selfregulated system of basic research and training laid out in Science—the Endless Frontier was achieved less by broad legislative or administrative enactment of Bushs vision than by education, negotiation, and lobbying in its favor, almost month to month, agency by agency.［499 words］

　　1. The first paragraph suggests that postwar science should

　　［A］ work medical and military security wonders.

　　［B］ focus on the nations security.

　　［C］ be based on basic and applied scientific research and training.

　　［D］ be in the interest of people.

　　2. We can learn from the second paragraph that (此题与1999年第55题相仿)

　　［A］　Sen Harley M. Kilgore and John Wesley Powell differed greatly about how to achieve the goals of postwar science.

　　［B］　John Wesley Powell held that science restricted to a particular purpose served the general welfare.

　　［C］　Kilgore suggested that all funds be distributed on a geographical basis.

　　［D］　The Atomic Energy Commission advocated applied scientific research.

　　3. Which of the following is not the viewpoints held by Bush?

　　［A］　Research funds should be distributed to the most qualified researchers regardless of their locality.

　　［B］　Research funds should serve particular social or economic purposes.

　　［C］　The mechanism of free market and private initiative always resulted in the social and economic benefits of basic scientific research and training.

　　［D］　The Federal Science policy can work better without political interference.

　　4. The text mainly discusses(此题与1998年第70题相仿)

　　［A］　the American scientific economy after World War II.

　　［B］　the Cold War Federal Policy for research and development.

　　［C］　the dispute over the question of postwar science.

　　［D］　the benefits of basic and applied scientific research.

　　5. Which of the following statements is true of the text?

　　［A］ Bush held that the social and economic benefits of basic scientific research and training were realiced best by central planning.

　　［B］ Penicillin, microwave radar, and the atomic bomb were invented during World War Ⅰ.

　　［C］ The Cold War increasingly made national security the predominant focus of the congress.

　　［D］ Scientists like Bush highlighted the role played by the autonomy and freedom in the flourishing of firstrate science.

　　-核心及超纲词汇

　　1.clustern.串，丛，簇 ［同义］ clump, bunch, group

　　2.stemvi.起源，寻源，发生

　　3.predominant focus优势焦点

　　4.chafen.擦伤 ［同义］ rub, injure by rubbing, wear by rubbing

　　5.heirn.继承人 ［同义］ inheritor, heiress, possessor by descent

　　6.initiativea.主动的