意义一致原则

http://www.sina.com.cn 2008年03月15日 16:29   新东方

  考点93: 主谓一致的原则二: 意义一致原则

  意义一致原则是指不依语法形式而侧重于依据实质意义处理主谓关系, 根据主语所表达的实际含义确定谓语动词的形式。这一原则在高考中主要体现在以下方面:

  1. 数词加上表“时间、 距离、 金额、 价值、 度量”等计量单位的复数名词作主语时, 在该主语被视为“整体”的情况下谓语动词用单数形式, 在该主语被视为“若干单位”的情况下谓语动词用复数形式。例如: Twenty years is not a long time. 二十年光阴, 弹指一挥间。// Twenty years have passed since he left. 他离开已二十个年头了。

  2. 如果主语部分是“分数或百分数+of+名词/代词”, 谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单复数形式。例如: Only three’fifths of the work was done yesterday. 昨天只干完了3/5的工作。// Two’thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water. 地球表面的2/3是水域。// In the USA, 75 percent of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美国75%的谷物用来喂养动物。// 50 percent of the students are girls in our college. 我们学院50%的学生是女生。

  3. 表示“种类、 计量单位”的名词kind, sort, type, form, pair, cup, glass, piece, box, chain, series(单数、 复数形式同形)、 species(单数、 复数形式同形)、 ton、 meter等与of连用构成主语时, 由of之前表示“种类、 计量单位”的名词决定谓语动词的形式。例如: This kind of these apples is sweet. 这种苹果很甜。// These kinds of apples are very sweet. 这些种类的苹果都很甜。

  4. “a number of+可数名词复数”(表示“大量的……”)的结构作主语时, 谓语动词应采用复数形式; “the number of+可数名词复数”(表示“……的数量”)的结构作主语时, 谓语动词应采用单数形式。例如: A number of students in this class are from Sichuan. 这个班有不少同学来自四川。// The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。

  5. each, one, much, (a) little, either, neither, another, the other等不定代词作主语时谓语动词通常为单数形式, 主语由它们所修饰时谓语动词也用单数; some, any, every, no构成的复合词(如somebody, nobody, everything, anything等)作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。例如: Each of the girls/Each girl has a new hat. 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。// Neither plan suits me. 两个计划没有一个合乎我的心意。// Either of the rooms is big enough. 两个房间中的任何一间都够大。// Is everybody here? 人都到齐了吗?// There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。// Nobody knows the answer to the question. 没有人知道这道题的答案。// Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。// Something strange has happened. 奇怪的事发生了。

  注意: 若复数形式的主语与each连用, each仅位于复数形式的主语之后作同位语时, 则该主语不受each的影响, 谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如: The old workers each have their own tools. 老工人们人人都有他们各自的工具。// The students each have a book. 学生们每人都有一本书。

  6. both, (a) few, many, several等不定代词作主语或主语的定语时, 谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如: Both (of) the films are interesting. 两部影片都有趣。// Few (of the guests) were familiar to us. 没几个(客人)是我们熟悉的。

  注意: both作同位语时通常对应于复数谓语动词, 例如: The films are both interesting. 两部电影都有趣。

  7. what, which, who, whose等疑问代词作主语时, 根据其所指代的含义来确定谓语动词的形式(若其所指代的含义单数不明确, 谓语动词通常用单数形式)。例如: Which is your room? 哪是你的房间?// Which are your rooms? 哪几间是你们的房间?// Who is your brother? 你兄弟是谁?// Who are League Members? 哪些是团员?

  8. “half of, plenty of, the rest of, a lot of, lots of等+名词”的形式作主语或者all, some, more, most, any, none作主语时, 要结合具体语境根据其所指代的含义来判断谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式。例如: Half of the apple is bad. 这只苹果坏了一半。// Half of the apples are bad. 苹果中有一半是坏的。// A lot of money is spent on tobacco every year. 每年在烟草上花去大量的钱。// A lot of things have been done by her since yesterday. 昨天以来她已做了很多事。// All of the paint is fine. 这些油漆都很好。// All of the students are working hard. 所有的学生都在用功。// Most of his spare time was spent in reading. 他的大部分业余时间都花在读书上了。// Most of the houses in this town are new. 这个镇上的大多数房屋都是新的。// None of the money is mine. 这笔钱中没有一点是我的。// None of us have/has been to Xi’an.我们当中谁都没有去过西安。(作主语的none指代复数含义的对象时谓语动词既可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式, 这是需要进行特别把握的特殊情况)

  [考题1] A survey of the opinions of experts ____ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week ____ good for one’s health. (2007江西)

  A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are

  [答案] B

  [解析] 第一个下划线处对应的主语为单数形式的“a survey”, 其后面定语“of the opinions”包含的复数名词对其谓语动词的形式不构成影响; 第二个下划线处对应的主语“three hours of outdoor exercise a week”为复数形式、 单数含义, 根据“意义一致原则”, 第二个下划线处谓语动词应为单数形式。

  [考题2] The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one’third ____ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long. (2006浙江)

  A. is B. are C. was D. were

  [答案] D

  [解析] one’third对应于复数含义的notebook computers, 而且下划线处应采用一般过去时表示过去的情况与现今的情况形成对比, 因此应填入were。

  [考题3] ____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass. (2000上海)

  A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are

  C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are

  [答案] C

  [解析] 分数的分子在英语中用基数词表示, 分母用序数词表示, 在分子大于1时序数词后要加’s, 所以应以two fifths的形式表示五分之二(中间常加连字符); 在分数、 百分数做主语时, 谓语动词的形式取决于其本身的含义, 本题中two fifths后的of the land in that district属于单数含义, 因此题干中的谓语部分应采用单数形式。

  [考题4] Most of what has been said about the Smiths ____ also true of the Johnsons. (2006安徽)

  A. are B. is C. being D. to be

  [答案] B

  [解析] 四个选项中能与主语搭配形成完整句子的选项是A和B, 由于what has been said about the Smiths为单数含义, 泛指关于Smith一家的言论, 与其对应的主语most也应为单数形式, 所以应填入is。

  [考题5] With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ____ each year. (2005山东)

  A. is washing away B. is being washed away

  C. are washing away D. are being washed away

  [答案] D

  [解析] “a quantity of+名词”做主语时, 谓语动词的形式通常视of后名词的具体情况而定, 该名词是不可数名词时谓语用单数形式, 该名词时复数可数名词时谓语通常要采用复数形式(间或接单数形式的谓语, 但不属于规范性的用法, 应慎用); “quantities of+名词”做主语时, of后既可接复数可数名词又可接不可数名词, 但后面的谓语动词都采用复数形式。根据quantity的以上用法, 应排除选项A和B, 又由于土壤是被冲走的、 应体现被动语态的形式, 应进一步排除C而选出D。

  [考题6] Strangely enough, a pair of new trousers ____ among the rubbish. (1999)

  A. were found B. was found C. has found D. have found

  [答案] B

  [解析] 由于裤子是在垃圾中被发现的, 所以应采用被动语态的形式, 首先排除不能表示被动语态的选项C、 D; 主语部分属于表示“计量单位”的名词pair与of连用的结构, 应由of前面表示“计量单位”的名词决定谓语动词的形式, 所以应排除A而选出B。

  [考题7] As you can see, the number of cars on roads ____ rising these days. (2006)

  A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping

  [答案] C

  [解析] 表示“……的数量”的“the number of+可数名词复数”结构做主语时, 谓语动词应采用单数形式。又由于根据题意本题应选用一般现在时, 下划线处应填入keeps的形式。

  [考题8] Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, ____ in the clothing industry. (2005辽宁)

  A. is working B. works C. work D. worked

  [答案] C

  [解析] 表示“大量的……”的“a number of+可数名词复数”结构做主语时, 谓语动词应采用复数形式, 题干中的nowadays又注定了整体语境与现在相关而不是单纯描述过去, 因此下划线处应填入一般现在时下谓语动词的复数形式。

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