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第十六讲 简单句、并列句和复合句
一。考纲要求
考试大纲要求考生能正确判断句子的类型、分析句子结构、结合语境和句意选择适当的连接词语、判断主语和从句的正确语序、恰当选择主句和从句谓语动词的时态。
二。命题导向
高考对简单句、并列句和复合句的考查主要包括:句子的结构、连词的选择、从句与主句的谓语动词的时态、主语和从句的语序、一些习惯用语和特殊的句式应用。
三。复习要点
1.简单句、并列句和复合句
① 句子种类两种分类法
按照句子的用途,英语的句子可分:陈述句(肯定、否定)、疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意)、祈使句、感叹句等四种。
按照句子的结构可分:简单句并列句和复合句三种。
简单句只有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语。并列句由并列连词and, but, or,so等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:状语从句\名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)和定语从句等三种。
② 并列句的分类
并列句指把两个同等重要的句子连接在一起,句子之间常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等并列连词连接。
表示选择关系常用的连词有:or, either…or…, otherwise等
表示转折关系常用的连词有:but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
表示因果关系常用的连词有:so, for, therefore等。
2.状语从句:
(1)状语从句的分类
状语从句通常修饰主句的动词或整个句子,由从属连词引导,从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分。根据状语从句所表达的不同意义和功能,可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式等状语从句。
(2)连接状语从句的词语
时间状语从句:when, whenever每当……,after, before, as, as soon as, hardly/ scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.一……就……,while, till, until, since, once。名词词组the first time第一次,last time最后一次,every/each time每次,the next time下次,the next day第二天, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 一……就……;副词immediately, instantly, directly等也可作连词使用。
原因状语从句:because, since, as, now that。
地点状语从句:where,wherever(无论那里)。
让步状语从句: no matter who/whom/what/which/how/when/where, though, although, as, even if /even though, whatever, whoever, however, wherever, whenever等。
条件状语从句: if, unless, as/so long as(如果;只要),in case (万一); on condition that(如果), suppose, supposing, providing, provide。
目的状语从句:in order that (为了),so that (以便)。
比较状语从句:(not) as/so…as…,than…, the more…the more…(越……越……) 引导。
方式状语从句:as(正如;按照),as if/as though (好像)引导。
结果状语从句: so that (结果是), so/such…that (如此……以至于)。
(3)从句中的语序
复合句中通常采用陈述语序。但是,在下面的几种情况下,状语从句多采用倒装语序:
①当连词as, though连接让步状语从句时,作表语的名词、形容词、动词通常置于句首,构成部分倒装语序。例如:
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John。
Try as she might, Carol couldn't get the door open。
Strange though it may seem, I like housework。
②在so/such...that.。.结果状语从句中,so+形容词/副词或such+名词置于句首时,主句采用部分倒装语序。例如:
So successful was her business that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.
Such was the force of the explosion that windows were blown out。
③在hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.句式中,把hardly/scarcely/no sooner置于句首时,第一个分句采用部分倒装语序,即把第二个分句用陈述语序。例如:
Scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door。
④ however与形容词、副词一起引导让步状语从句,句子采用陈述语序。例如:
However amusing the story is, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week。
⑤ 在the +比较级the+比较级句式中,只是把形容词或副词置于句首,句子仍然采用陈述语序。例如:Education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are。
(4)从句和主句中谓语动词的时态
在复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词时态一般遵循以下的规律:
①表示“同时”意义的连词as, when, as soon as, the moment, while 等连接的时间状语从句,主句和从句时态基本一致。例如:As time passed, things seemed to get worse。
② 表示“将来”意义的条件、时间和让步状语从句中多用一般现在时,而主句用一般将来时,被称为“主将从现”。例如:Tom won’t go to sleep unless his mother tells him a story。
Once I get him a job, he’ll be fine。
③ since引导的时间状语从句多用一般过去时,而含有since从句的主句通常用现在完成时。例如:I haven’t met her since I left university。
④在句式hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…中,第一个分句中过去完成时,第二个分句用一般过去时。例如:She had hardly sat down when the phone rang。
⑤ 在as if/though 引导的状语从句中,如果表示一种与事实相反夸张,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。例如:She stared at me as though I were a complete stranger。
(5)状语从句的省略
当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,被动结构的状语从句,可省略与主句相同的主语和助动词,保留连词+过去分词;主动结构的状语从句,可省略与主句相同的主语和助动词,保留连词+现在分词。例如:We all know that, if not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse。
Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university。
(6)状语从句被用于强调结构中
状语从句作为被强调部分用于强调结构时,一律用It is/was …that…,不能用when代替that。句子用陈述语序。注意:当强调Not until +时间/时间状语时,主句的谓语动词不再采用倒装语序。例如:It was not until the war was over that the soldier was able to return home。
3. 名词性从句
(1)名词性从句分类:
按照在句中的功能,名词性从句分为:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。
(2) 名词性从句的连接词
名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:that无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可被省略;表示“是否”用whether,只有在宾语从句中,whether可被人if代替。Whether和if在从句中不担任成分。如果从句缺少主语、表语、宾语、或定语等句子成分,用连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which;如果从句缺少状语,用连接副词when, where, how, why。
由于连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问语序。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,而连接词whether 和if(是否),在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。
(3) 名词性从句中的特殊时态
① 在以下三种主语从句中,主语从句的谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”, should可省略。
(1)It is+形容词+that…句型。常见的形容词有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising, astonishing(令人惊讶的)等。
(2) It is +名词+that…句型。常见的名词有pity, shame, advice, suggestion, proposal(提议,建议), requirement, request, desire, order等。
(3) It is+动词的过去分词+ that…句型。常见的动词有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。
②在insist(坚持), urge (催促), order(命令), command(命令), suggest(建议),advise(建议),recommend(建议,推荐), request(请求,要求), demand(要求),require(要求,需要)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”, should可省略。
③ 在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提议), requirement, suggestion等名词的表语从句、同位语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。
④在一些表示惊讶、意志等感情色彩的名词性从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或“should +have done”,译为“竟然,居然”。例如:
I am surprised /shocked that you should speak in such a way。
I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。
It is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。
I am glad that your story should have won the first prize。
4. 定语从句
(1)定语从句的分类
定语从句分为限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰和限制作用,而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充和解释说明作用。通常限制性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号,而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。
(2)定语从句的关系代词和关系副词
定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导。关系代词有:who, whom, whose, which, that, as;关系副词有:when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句的先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
(3)关系代词和关系副词的用法:
①当先行词为人时用who 作主语,whom作宾语;②当先行词为物或整个句子时用which,可作主语或宾语;③先行词为人、物时用that ,可作主语或宾语;④ whose用作定语,可指人或物;⑤ 关系副词when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;⑥where(指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语);why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
(4)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
①限制性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。例如:I was the only person in our office who was invited。(去掉定语从句,句意就不完整)
② 非限制性定语从句:从句与先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开,不能that用引导。例如:His movie won several awards at the film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream. (去掉定语从句,主句的意思仍完整)
(5)使用定语从句时需注意的几个问题
①用that而不用 which的情况:先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, much…;先行词有最高级修饰,有序数词修饰;先行词有only, very, any等词修饰;先行词既有人又有物时。例如:There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Lijing。
This is the best coffee maker that I have ever been made。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner teacher that he knows。
② 用which而不用 that的情况:引导非限制性定语从句;指代整个主句的意思;用于介词 的后面+ 关系代词。例如:Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, which used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, of which New York is an example。
③ 关系代词as的用法
a. 当现行词为 the same +名词,such+名词时,要用关系代词as引导定语从句。例如:
I want to buy the same shirt as yours。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in Germany。
b. as可指代主句的内容,引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后。常用于下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。例如: He got the first place again in this mid-term examination, as we expected。
c. as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
当主句和从句语义一致时,用as引导;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句;当非限制定语从句为否定意义时,常用which引导。例如:
He made a long speech, as we expected。
He made a long speech, which was unexpected。
④关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。例如:
The man who lives downstairs makes it a rule to run in the park in the morning。
⑤ 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。例如:
October 1, 1949 was the day on which (= when) the new China was founded。
⑥在”介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词只能用which和whom,且不能省略;如果介词在句末,关系代词可用which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who,且可省略。例如:
The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about is proves to be friendly。
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