第三章 阅卷手记

　　“给分有理，扣分有据”是高考阅卷的基本原则。现在大部分省市都采用网上阅卷， 网上阅卷具有效率高、误差少、利保密等优点，能最大限度地控制主观试题评卷误差。采用网上阅卷，可以有效地控制阅卷教师的阅卷速度，从而解决了原来部分阅卷教师阅卷速度过快的问题，保证了阅卷的质量；此外，可以有效地控制阅卷老师的评分误差，使阅卷过程中的主观误差降到最低程度，最大限度地实现了考试的公平性；另外，还可以实现试题和答卷分开的目的，减少了以往由于登分、合分所带来的误差。其基本过程为：阅卷时，用高速扫描仪或专用阅卷机快速扫描答题卡。客观性试题部分计算机自动按照标准答案给分，主观性试题部分按题切割成一个个图片，由两个阅卷教师在各自的计算机上根据评分标准分别进行评分。当两个阅卷教师所给的分数差小于规定的误差值时，计算机自动取两人的平均分作为该考生这道题目的最终得分；当两个阅卷教师所给的分数超出规定的误差值时，服务器自动将该考生该题的答题图片随机分发给第三个评阅此题的阅卷教师。

　　下面就本人的阅卷经验， 结合客观题的阅卷分析帮助同学们分析高考中常见的可以避免的一些失误做一归纳，以便在备考中引起大家的重视，从而达到科学备考的目的。

　　(一)跟不上语速，听力得分低

　　听的主要目的是弄懂所听材料的基本意思，然而，很多学生学生在听力理解过程总是力图把每个词，每句话都听懂，往往对每个词，每个句都赋予同等的注意力，惟恐漏掉一点信息，其实这是办不到的，也是不必要的；此外，在听力理解的过程中，很大一部分学生习惯于把听到的材料转换为中文，中间经历了一个心译过程，很显然，在有限时间内，翻译后再理解是来不及的，也就导致了思维跟不上正常语速。

　　因此，在备考中要坚持科学的听力速度训练。第一种方法是循序渐进，由慢速到快速，逐步提高，这样可以逐渐适应听力速度，树立起信心。第二种方法是一开始就以听力测试的正常语速进行训练，起初会出现“听不懂，跟不上”的现象，但由于在这种语速的不断冲击下，听力会逐渐敏感。久而久之，从开始只听懂只言片语，到能接受一个句子，以后是几个连续的句子直至一个段落。此外，在听的过程中，要充分利用提录音前的时间，以及各段对话之间的停顿，

　　(二)基础知识积累不到位

　　随着高考的逐年深入，一些高频词汇、短语、句型的特殊用法，越来越受到命题者的关注，由于平时的学习中老师和学生对于这些以前不大出现的考点关注不够，掌握不全面，从而造成了不必要的失分。比如：忽视情态动词特殊用法，倒装结构掌握不全面，误用倒装结构、习惯用法掌握不牢、短语搭配记忆不劳等等。

　　如：(2008山东)The fact that she never apologized ____ a lot about what kind of person she is。

　　A. says   B. talks   C. appears   D. declares

　　[解析]A 句意为“她永远不会道歉很大程度上说明了她是一个什么样的人”。A 项say意为除了表示：说，讲“以外，还可以表示“说明，表达，显示”。

　　say是相当高频的词汇，其汉语意思 “说，讲”更是记得滚瓜烂熟，不知道say还有其他的意思，容易误选appear意为“出现，显得…”

　　(三)忽视标点符号，草率作答

　　英语中句号和分号表示并列关系，逗号表示主从句。问号和叹号所在的句子，句子语序都有所不同，稍不注意就造成句子意思理解上的错误。于是一些借助标点符号来考查考生分析问题和解决问题的能力的题目上造成了不必要的失分。

　　如：(2008江苏). He was educated at the local high school, ______ he went on to Beijing University。

　　A. after which                   B. after that                      C. in which                      D. in that

　　【解析】A逗号表示主从句，所以逗号后面的句子应该是一个从句。题意为“他在本地的高中接受教育，其后他继续到北京大学上学”，根据句意和关系代词作介词宾语的用法，正确答案A。

　　(四)受汉语的影响，导致误选

　　英汉两种语言无论在表达内容、表达习惯还是在表达逻辑上都有着很大的差异，这就导致了许多情况下是以英汉两种语言表达习惯的不同来命命制的题目出现错误。

　　如：(2008山东)–Say, Jane, will you come with me to the game Friday?

　　--_____, Bob, but I promised Mary I’d go with her。

　　A. My pleasure   B. Thanks   C. Take it easy    D. Forget it。

　　[解析] B此题考查情景对话。对于对方的邀请表示感谢病并委婉拒绝。情景对话要从礼貌出发。My pleasure 相当于It’s my pleasure, 用于回答对方的感谢.Take it easy意为：别着急，慢慢来。Forget it常用于回答别人的感谢和道歉。

　　(五)提干分析错误

　　为了提高区分度，命题者往往巧设语境，将语法知识放在一定的微型语言环境中进行考查的。里面包含的信息有明显的，也有隐含的。不少考生在做题时，往往根据只言片语，以偏概全，盲目做题。而忽视了语法的综合运用、虚拟语气的错综条件，导致误选。

　　如：(2008山东)Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made ____ in the restaurant。

　　A. working    B. work   C. to work   D. worked

　　【解析】 A  关键在于根据句意分清句子成分。句意为：露丝的新工作付给她的钱是她在饭店工作是所赚钱的两倍。working 是had made 的伴随状语，和主语she 构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词做状语。可排除过去分词worked。不定式to work做状语常表示目的或结果。

　　(六)缺乏语篇意识，输掉完型

　　“完形填空所提供的是一篇具有完整信息的短文。其中段与段，句与句有着不可分割的联系。有的第一空的答案需要读完全文才能做出正确选择。有的最后一空的选项又是为了呼应全文主题，需要结合全文主题才能作答。相当一部分考生缺乏语篇意识，只是拘泥于所填空的句子本身。由于对全文的大意心中无数，只考虑短语搭配，而不结合整篇文章所提供的语境，导致错误百出，选错答案。

　　如：(2008福建)The position of children in American family and society is no longer what is used to be. The 36  family in colonial(殖民时期的) North America was mainly concerned with survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity.…

　　With the development of the society, the position of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex and technological society that the United States has become, …

　　…

　　Nowadays, the socialization of the child in the United States is a two-way transaction(事务) between parent and child rather than a one-way,

　　36. A. poor           B. ordinary          C. happy       D. wealthy

　　[解析]B文章开篇点题，告诉我们：在美国，随着社会经济和文化的发展，孩子们在家庭中的地位已和以前不一样了。然后根据利用具体的事实对此进行了分层论证：①殖民时期普通家庭中孩子的地位(the ordinary family in colonial…)，所以第36题答案是B；②在复杂的工业社会中(The complex and technological society)孩子的地位；③目前孩子的地位(文章最后一段)等。作者用时间顺序逐步说明孩子的地位在社会中的变化，进而说明该文的主题。如果不首先把握文章的语篇结构，受survival的干扰导致误选poor。

　　(七)没有在文章中找到根据，从而导致推断失误

　　推理判断题属于较高层次的阅读理解题，自然也就成了失分较多的高风险题。从阅卷分析来看，该类型失分的原因不外乎以下几种：没有找准文章中的某些关键词或短语，直接根据自己的观点，主观臆断，胡乱推理，凭空想象，导致推理失误。

　　如：

　　(2008山东)…They are at the heart of Wingspan Arts Kids Films Festival, tomorrow, in a setting any director might envy: Lincoln Center. Complete with “red carpet” interviews and various awards, the festival has much in common with events for more experienced moviemakers, except for the age of the participants: about 8 to 18.

　　“What’s really exciting is that it’s film for kids by kids,” said Cori Gardner, managing director of Wingspan Arts, a nonprofit organization offering youth arts programs in the New York area. This year the festival will include films not only from Wingspan but also from other city organizations and one from a middle school in Arlington, Virginia. “We want to make this a national event,” Ms. Gardner added。

　　The nine shorts to be shown range from a Claymation biography of B.B. King to a science fiction adventure set in the year 3005. “A lot of the material is really mature,” Ms. Gardner said, talking about films by the New York City branch of Global Action Project, a media arts and leadership-training group. “The Choice is about the history of a family and Master Anti-Smoker is about the dangers of secondhand smoke。”

　　59. Movies to shown in the festival ____。

　　A. cover different subjects。

　　B. focus on kids’ life

　　C. are produced by Global Action Project

　　D. are directed by Ms. Gardner

　　【解析】 A由倒数第二段的第一句话可以看出，将要在电影节上上映的这九部电影主题从“a Claymation biography of B.B. King”到“a science fiction adventure set in the year 3005”，也就是说覆盖了不同的主题。下文也对此作了详细地介绍。受文章中“Arts Kids Films Festival”，“for kids by kids”的影响，误选B。

　　(八)忽略上下文语境，词/句意推理失误

　　猜测单词含义并非等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，同样所猜测的句子也并不是句子表面的意思，其含义随不同的语境而有所不同，而在考试过程中不善于把握具体的语境，断章取义，胡乱猜测，导致推测错误。

　　如：(2008宁夏海南)In nutrition it was all good news too. This nice tasting pineapple contained four times more vitamin C than the old green variety. Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins, but also good against some diseases. People were understandably eager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit. The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater。

　　62. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something _________。

　　A. that people enjoy eating         B. that is always present

　　C. that is difficult to get           D. that people use as a gift

　　【解析】B词义猜测题。从含有该词的句子The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater。可知这种菠萝销得快，很快成了健康食客的购物篮中的必不可少的东西。受“fruit”；“selling fast”等信息的干扰，误选A。

　　(九)以偏概全，以点带面，大意题错选

　　文章的主题要根据全文的信息进行推理判断，然而在考试的过程中，很多考生过度关注细节，容易以点代面；还有的考生忽视作者的见解，把自己的观点强加给作者；还有的考生不注意审题，，没有搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意。从而导致主旨大意题的误选。

　　如：

　　(2008山东)Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergence alert (警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones。

　　Text messages have exploded in popularity in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless industry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估计) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month。

　　The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies。

　　"The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies," FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said following approval of the plan。

　　Participation in the alert system by carriers –telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received solid support from the wireless industry。

　　The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts。

　　There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules。

　　The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a terrorist attack or natural disaster. The second would involve "approaching threats," which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be reserved for child abduction (绑架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts。

　　The service could be in place by 2010.

　　66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students

　　B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Industry

　　C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters

　　D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon

　　[解析] D文章标题是对文章主旨概括。纵观全文可以看出，文章向我们介绍的是已经有立法者通过，正在由美国联邦电信委员会改进的一个马上就要实施的一个短信警报系统，由此可以判断D项最能概括全文。前三项都在文章中出现，也就是文章的细节内容，如果不对文章进行归纳概括，就会犯以以点代面的错误，导致误选。

　　(十)忽视同义替代，导致细节题失分

　　在高考试卷上，题干和答案选项都在原文题区的基础上使用同义的词语或句型转换进行了变通。而干扰项中反而含有原文的细节内容。在做题的过程中，不少考生忽略了这种同义替代现象，也有的考生缺乏同义替代的基本知识和能力(如：同义词的转化decide→ decision, describe→description, explain →explanation； anxious→anxiety, angry→anger, free→freedom, various→variety等。高频同义、近义词语和表达相同意义的表达方式，如，表示对……满意，可以说：be pleased /satisfied /content with, express one satisfaction with; 养成做某事的习惯，可以说：be/ become used/accustomed to doing th, be in /get into the habit of doing sth, make it a rule to do sth等。)从而导致了答案的错选。

　　如：

　　(2008上海)ASK LASKAS

　　YOU’VE GOT QUESTIONS. SHE'S GOT ANSWERS

　　QMy children go to a primary school where they are not allowed to play football in the playground for fear that a child might be hurt. Besides, now the school says there must be no homework because the local secondary school can't keep up with the amount of homework given in the primary school. Can the school do this?  Puzzled Dad

　　AIt can't if enough parents do something about it. It is not just schools. We live in a society which wishes to get rid of risk. However, schools should have a little common sense and courage. Children need risk if they are to grow up self-sufficient and confident. They need homework, too, if they are to fulfill their academic potential. Complain, loudly。

　　QI have a beautiful teenage daughter who spends an hour making up her face in front of the mirror every day. I tell her to go easy. She just gets mad or bursts into tears. How can I make her understand she's beautiful the way she is.   Plain Mom

　　AYou can't. Your daughter is at the age when she's trying to look beautiful, trying on new masks. And if her friends all dress up as she docs, you're in for an extra hard time. Support her and tell her she's beautiful — even if she looks ridiculous for now. Then invite her to join you for a day at a spa (健康美容中心). Let her try various looks until she's comfortable in her own skin。

　　65. Why are the children not allowed to play football in the playground?

　　A. The school is afraid that children might be injured。

　　B. The school is not sensible and confident。

　　C. The children don't have enough time to do homework。

　　D. The children may fail to fulfill their academic potential。

　　【解析】A  注意原文(…for fear that a child might be hurt)与选项(…afraid that children might be injured。)的同义替代现象。根据这个父亲的陈述，“这个学校的学生不允许在操场上踢足球是因为学校怕他们可能会受伤”，从第一句话的“for fear that a child might be hurt”可得答案。

　　(十一)审题不认真，作文要点不全甚至跑题

　　要点齐全是高考作文的最基本的要求。但不少考生答题心切，没有认真审题就匆忙做答，结果所写的文章漏掉部分要点，有的甚至完全偏离了题目所要求的内容；要么没有根据要求组织材料，导致话说了不少，但仍然缺少要点，详略不分，构思紊乱，结构不清。

　　在写作过程中，我们要看清说明，标出要点。如果是图画，则可直接在图画旁边标出简短的词语和短句。同时，在审题时还要注意所写文章的体裁，从而对文章的结构进行合理构思。

　　(十二)语言不规范，作文得分低

　　在写作要求中，往往只是简单地给出内容要点，而不少考生在写作的过程中，习惯于用汉语思维方式、布局谋篇，然后用英语写作，从而造成了表达的语言别扭、不伦不类，难得高分。与此同时，用词恰当，语言准确是书面表达的又一基本要求，但如果考生的基础知识不扎实，对所用词汇、短语、句型的掌握不够熟练，加上平时没有进行充分的现实写作训练，考场上就很容易出现词法、句法以及拼写错误，这样即使文采很高，要点很全，使用了部分高级句式，仍会造成严重失分。将内容要点逐一翻译，导致蹩脚英语难得高分。

　　因此我们在备考的过程中，要注意提高语言表达准确性的关键，在于采用合理的写作步骤，用英语构思，用英语表达，使内容和语言统筹兼顾。如果在写作时想出的一些句子能按提示要求表情达意，但用英语表达又无把握，就不要勉强使用，可以换用自己熟悉的、能熟练运用的同义英语句型进行表达，并避开意义把握不准或拼写不准的词汇。

　　此外，还要注意在老师的引导下认真复习作文，平日要注意归纳英语写作的规律，养成用正确的句型、固定的短语和句式进行写作，并积累一定数量的语言素材，在考试的时候灵活运用就可能得到高分。

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