作者:郭崇兴
在考研短文写作中,一定要注意句式的正确性和句型的变化性,即文章中不仅仅有简单句,也应该有结构复杂的句子。长短句交替会使文章增色不少。但应尽量避免使用结构过于复杂的句子和生硬、不贴切的词汇,还应避免中文式英语。另外还有如平行结构的使用等等。句子在语法形式上的错误主要表现在以下几个方面:
1、汉语式句子
汉语式句子就是完全按照汉语的思维模式而造出来的句子,他们经常出现在学生的习作里。比如:有的学生把"好好学习,天天向上"表达成Good good study,day day up .有的学生把"如果你敢唬我,我就给你两下子"表述成If you dare tiger me ,Iwill give you two down son .尽管这两个例子有点极端,但它们表明汉语式句子是作文中一个普遍存在的现象。
例1误:My English spoken is not good.
正:I am not good at spoken English. Or :My spoken English is not good.
2、主谓不一致
造句时要遵循的一个最基本的原则就是主谓一致原则。
例1误:One of these houses need repairing.
正:One of these houses needs repairing.
分析:这属于主谓一致方面的错误用法。One of +名词的复数形式,谓语应用单数。
3、平行结构误用
平行结构要求:同等重要的、并列的句子成分(思想或概念)要用同类的语法形式来表示,要用并列连词连接。在使用并列连词如and ,but ,or ,neither…nor, either…..or, not only….but also, both…and等时,所连接的应该是名词对名词,副词对副词,分词对分词,不定式对不定式,动词对动词,句子对句子,而不能把其中一个概念用分词结构表达,另外两个概念用不定式或从句来表达等。
(1)名词(短语)平行结构
例1误:The speaker called attention to the beginning and how it
ended.
正:The speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement
(2)形容词平行结构
例1误:He was sympathetic,tolerant,and people respected
him.
正:He was sympathetic,tolerant,and respected by people.
(3)分词平行结构
例1误:The boys were running,shouting and to laugh.
正:The boys were running,shouting and laughing.
(4)动名词平行结构
例1误:Jane prefers singing to dance.
正:Jane prefers singing to dancing.
(5)动词不定式平行结构
例1误:To know what is good and doing what is right is not the same thing
正:To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing
(6)副词平行结构
例1误:The work is handsome and skillfully done.
正:The work is handsomely and skillfully done.
(7)短语平行结构
例1误:Studies serve for delight ,for ornament ,and being able
正:Studies serve for delight ,for ornament ,and for ability
4、破句
破句又称为:"片语",也是写作中经常出现的错误之一/简单地说,破句就是断句,它在语义上是不完整的、在语法上是不正确的。
例1误:I spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday,Trying to find a garage to repair my car .
正:I spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday,trying to find a garage to repair my car .
5、悬垂修饰语
修饰语必须非常明确地修饰句子中的某一个词或某一组词。悬垂修饰是指修饰语与其逻辑主语之间产生意义上的矛盾,或者在句子初看好像修饰某个词语,但实际上什么也没有修饰,使修饰语处于悬浮状态,无处着落。非谓语动词或介词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。如果句子主语不能充当其逻辑主语,就得另加上逻辑主语,否则该非谓语动词或介词短语便是悬垂结构了。
例3误:My term paper was finished sfter sitting up half the night.
正:After sitting up half the night , Ifinished my term paper.
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