1998年考研英语阅读理解全真题解析_新浪教育

1998年考研英语阅读理解全真题解析

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/07/10 17:07 双博士丛书

　　Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.Think of Gallileo's 17thcentury trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic world view of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.

　　Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics-but no longer.As funding for science has declined,scientistshave attacked“antiscience”in several books,notablyHigher Superstition,by Paul R. Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University;andThe DemonHaunted World,by Carl Saganof Cornell University.

　　Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in 1995,and“Science in the Age of (Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.

　　Antiscience clearly means different things to different people.Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who havequestioned science's objectivity.Sagan is more concerned with those who believein ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

　　A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

　　Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in 1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.

　　But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience,as an essay inUS News&World Reportlast May seemed to suggest.

　　The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics.The true enemies of secience,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

　　In deed,some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term‘antiscience’can lump together too many,quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 workScience and AntiScience.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”

　　18.The word“schism”(Line 3,Para. 1) in the context probably means.

　　A.confrontation

　　B.dissatisfaction

　　C.separation

　　D.contempt

　　19.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to .

　　A.discuss the cause of the decline of science's power

　　B.show the author's sympathy with scientists

　　C.explain the way in which science develops

　　D.exemplify the division of science and the humanities

　　20.Which of the following is true according to thepassage?

　　A.Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience inan essay.

　　B.Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.

　　C.The“more enlightened”tend to tag others as antiscience.

　　D.Tagging environmentalists as“antiscience”is justifiable.

　　21.The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs. antiscience”is .

　　A.impartial

　　B.subjective

　　C.biased

　　D.puzzling

　　18C从上下文可分析出schism的意思：uneasy relationship，即科学与文化其他方面之间这种不和谐的关系。dissatisfaction(不满)、contempt(蔑视)不符合题意。confrontation意为“冲突”，“对抗”，有分庭抗礼、势不两立的意味。而科学与文化诸方面(即人文社科)原本属于同一范畴，它们之间的矛盾应视作两方面的分裂、割裂。所以应选separation。

　　19D第二段第二句用一个事实说明自然科学与人文科学之间的分歧：科学家已写了好几本书来抨击反科学的观点。第三段说明自然科学家们反击的方法不仅是“笔伐”，还有召集会议，以捍卫自然科学的尊严。所以，应选D。

　　20A本题还是属于用“What”提问方式引出问题，答案我们可以从本文第六段第二句话(黑体)“但这并不意味着关心工业无控制地增长的环境学者是反科学的，正如去年五月份《美国新闻与世界报导》在一篇文章中所暗示的那样”这与A答案相吻合，故选A。

　　21A

　　在整篇文章中，作者一直在客观地从各个角度引述事实来讲述问题，没有主观的评论，所以作者的态度是不偏不倚的。impartial公平的；subjective主观的；biased有偏见的，有偏向性的；puzzling令人迷惑不解的。

　　译文

　　自然科学与文化的其他方面的关系在很长一段时间非常紧张。想一想，17世纪时的伽利略因其离经叛道的信仰，遭到天主教会的审判；诗人威廉-布莱克尖锐地批评了艾萨克-牛顿的机械论世界观。自然科学与人文科学间的裂痕甚至在本世纪更深了。

　　前几年，科学界势力强大，对批评者可以置之不理，但现在不同了。由于科研经费的减少，科学家就推出了几本书来抨击“反科学”的倾向。其中，值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗-R-格罗斯与拉特格斯大学数学家诺曼-莱维特合著的《高级迷信》以及康奈尔大学的卡尔-萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。

　　科学捍卫者还在集会上表达了他们忧虑，如1995年在纽约市举行的“飞离科学与理性”大会上，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息(迷信)时代的科学”大会上。

　　很显然，反科学对不同的人有着不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特针对那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家，哲学家及其他学者，主要挑他们的毛病。萨根更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物以及信奉其他与科学世界观相左的人。

　　1996年对新闻报道的调查，披露了反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体身上，从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官员到鼓吹削减基础研究基金的共和党人。

　　把该词用到反原子弹组织身上也不会引起多大争议。它在1995年公开发表声明藐视科学，渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会。但这并不是说，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的，而去年五月份刊载在《美国新闻与世界报道》的一篇文章似乎对此有所暗示。

　　环保主义者毫无疑问要对这种批评作出反应。处于环境研究前沿的斯坦福大学的保罗-埃利希认为，科学的真正敌人是那些对工业增长使全球变暖，臭氧层日渐稀薄以及对其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。

　　的确，有些观察者担心反科学这个词语会变得毫无意义。哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德-霍尔顿在他1993年发表的《科学与反科学》的著作中写道：“‘反科学’一词可以涵盖太多而又截然不同的东西，它们惟一的共同点就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人”。

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