work one's way
问:下面句子里的斜体部分如何理解?
The teachers, the children, we were all in the same position. We worked our way out of it. We worked hard.
We had a smattering of ethnic groups in those times—people who worked themselves out of the Depression by hard work.
答:worked在这两处都是“努力奋斗”的意思。第一句是说“努力奋斗摆脱了困境,”it指前面的the same position。第二句是说“努力苦干,度过了大萧条时期”。这里Depression大写,是指20年代末期、30年代初期美国的经济危机。
work one's way之后还可以跟其他的介词短语表达不同的意思,例如:
to work one's way to the front (用力挤到前面)
to work one's way through college (努力读完大学)
to work one's way up to the top of the hill(奋力爬到山顶)
worth
问:《英语常用词语辨析》中说worth只能作表语,它后面一般接动名词,也可接名词,但只限钱数。又说,如果用不定式或动名词作主语,则要用it is worthwhile...这一结构。而《英语常用词搭配手册》中却有如下句子:
Their invention is worth notice.
It is worth to discuss this question again.
请问,worth的用法应以哪一本书说的为准?
答:worth是带有介词特点的形容词;换言之,它有宾语。有些词典虽然把它归为形容词,但同时注明它有“prepositional force”。50年代出版的Webster’s New World Dictionary (Second College Edition)就是这样做的。70年代出版的Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English则干脆把worth定为介词,这可以说是一大进步。因为既是介词,就把它当作介词来使用,许多令人困惑的问题也就不复存在。例如,在现代英语里,不定式是不作介词宾语用的,worth也就不会有不定式作它的宾语。
在英语历史上,worth to do或worth to be这样的用法是有过的。
例如He was worthe to wyn wictorys.(见Oxford English Dictionary注明最早出现在公元1420前后)。按现代英语的拼写,这句话是He was worth to win victories.它的含义是He deserves to win victories.在现代英语里,worth已不再这样用了。
worth的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词,当然也包括相当于名词的名词从句、名词短语。以下这些例子是国内通行的词典中见到的:
Don't lock the door; it isn't worth the trouble.
It's worth making an effort.
The book is worth much more than I paid for it.
The food is not worth eating.
He says life wouldn't be worth living without friendship.
Don't lock the door; it isn't worth it.
词典可以告诉人们词的用法,但在实际使用时还需要自己判断。来信中举的两例,较常见的说法是:
Their invention is worth noticing.
This question is worth another discussion.
would
问:《英语学习》某期的A Famous Writer一文中引用Dickens的句子To do unto all men as I would they should do unto me.很难理解。would是否应为would like?
答:这句子里的would是动词,是比较古旧的用法,相当于wish,现时已很少见。同一句中的unto现在也不用了。
我们有“己所不欲,勿施于人”的说法,狄更斯说的倒有些像“己之所欲,施之于人”。
youths
问:Edgar Snow写的Red Star Over China(《西行漫记》)一书中关于红军强渡大渡河一节有这样的句子:
Never before had the Sichuanese seen Chinese fighters like these—men for whom soldiering was not just a rice-bowl, but youths ready to commit suicide to win.
请问这句话斯诺要表达的是什么意思?youths指的是谁?
答:斯诺在这里是说,当年红军长征到了四川,他们的英勇卓绝是四川人从没有见过的。他说,四川人从来没有见过这样的部队,这些年轻人不是为了吃粮才去当兵的,他们当兵意味着为了胜利不惜牺牲自己的生命。youths指的就是红军战士。四川当时还在军阀统治之下,老百姓轻易不肯去为他们当兵,如果去,也只是为了饭碗,当时“当兵”和“吃粮”几乎是同义词。斯诺不是直说,而是把四川人对红军的看法转述出来,实际上是很生动地讲了红军本质上和所有其他军队的区别。英文里有所谓suicide squads,即“敢死队”的意思。敢死队只是为了某一特殊的战斗任务临时组成的少数人。斯诺却说整个红军的战士为了胜利“准备自杀”(ready to commit suicide),不惜性命。还有比这更勇敢的队伍吗?
zero article
问:He was elected chairman of the football club.句中chairman是可数名词,为什么不带冠词?
答:这是因为chairman在句子里被认为是独一无二的职务,像专有名词一样,不带冠词。语法家把这种不带冠词的现象称为“零冠词”。英语有许多习惯用法里存在零冠词现象。1.讲时间的短语;如:at night, by day, before dawn, after midnight等等,其中名词都不带冠词;2.一日三餐的名词,即:breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper等;如:have milk and bread for breakfast, to invite them for dinner, at church, to go to church(做礼拜)等等。
凡名词按一般规则须带冠词而实际使用时并无冠词时(如in bed, bed不带冠词),这在语法上就说bed带有零冠词,也即是说它不带冠词。
|