初中教师教学参考:谈英语的无生命名词做主语 |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/07/21 16:02 英语辅导报 |
在中学英语教材中出现了很多像Dusk found him crying in the street. / What made you so angry? 这类无生命事物的名词作主语的句子。英语中称之为impersonal subject(非人称主语或无生命主语),使之拟人化,表达简练而生动,而且更符合英语的习惯。但在译成汉语时,往往把动词的本来意义译成比喻意义,有时把非人称主语改译成句子的宾语或(表示原因、地点、方式等)状语。但是学生在翻译这类英语句子时难免出现"黄昏发现他在街上哭。""什么使你这么高兴?"这类别扭的汉语。因为句中的主语dusk是指自然现象,作宾语的反而是人。"黄昏"怎么能"发现人在哭"呢?What是指什么东西,它又怎么能"使人高兴"呢?如果把句子改写为:He was found crying in the street at dusk. / Why did you get so angry? 就易于理解了,但没有原来的句子那么形象、生动、简练了。 如何使学生正确理解并译成规范的汉语呢?这就要谈到无生命的名词作主语的表现手法。本文就谈一点笔者肤浅的认识,供大家教学时参考。 一、在make, see, show, remind, bring, leave, keep, prevent等称之为有生命动词之前可使用非人称主语。例如: ① What made him so angry?(Why did he get so angry?) ② This medicine will make you feel better. (If you take this medicine, you will feel better.) ③ The good news brought tears to her eyes. (When she heard the good news, she couldn't help crying.) ④ Our grain output has shown another steep rise. (We can see our grain output has risen rapidly.) ⑤ Rivers find their way to the sea. (Rivers flow into the sea.) ⑥ The rain prevented us from coming. (We couldn't come because of the rain.) ⑦ Today is Sunday. (It's Sunday today.) ⑧ Her illness left her weak.(She was weak because of her illness.) ⑨ Hope keeps us alive. (We live on our hope.) 二、动词read, say, write也常用无生命的名词作主语。其中say和read的谓语一般用主动语态,而write作谓语时,用被动语态较为常见。例如: ①Look at the sign. It says,"Please Keep Off the Grass." 瞧那个标志牌,上面写着:勿踏草地。 ② The full text reads as follows,...全文如下:…… ③ Happiness was written on the faces of the people. 人民脸上露出了喜悦。 三、很多英语的被动句中是无生命的名词作主语,译成汉语时可采用下列方法。例如: 1. 不改变原来句子的主语和谓语的语序,可直接把原句译成汉语的主动句。例如: ① The People's Republic of China was founded on October 1, 1949. 中华人民共和国是1949年10月1日成立的。 ② The True Story of Ah Q has been translated into many foreign languages. 《阿Q正传》已经译成了许多种外文。 2. 将原句主语移到谓语之后,当作宾语。例如: ① English is spoken here. 这里通用英语。 ② English is taught in our school. 我们学校开设英语。 3. 译成汉语的被动句。例如: ① This novel was written by Lu Xun. 这本小说是鲁迅写的。 ② This transistor radio was made by Li Ming. 这台半导体收音机是李明装的。 四、动词open, look, smell, taste, sound, cook, fill, wash等常和表示行为方式的状语连用,可以用主动语态表示在逻辑上似乎应该用被动语态表示的概念。这时用无生命的名词作主语更为常见,英美人认为更简便、更自然、更合乎习惯。译成汉语时仍与英语句子的语序保持一致。例如: ① This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布料很耐洗。 ② These books sell well. 这些书很畅销。 ③ The door opened and a man came in. 门开了,进来了一个人。 值得说明的是:英语中无生命的名词作主语译成汉语时,有人认为所译出的汉语属于无主句。笔者还是赞同胡裕树主编的《现代汉语》(修订本)中所说的:主语是那个"体现时地性的时间名词、处所名词"。 (文/孙春广 姜金芳;英语辅导报初中教师版03~04学年第45期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |
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