教师教学参考:英语写作中几种常见错误分析① |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/03/11 15:04 英语辅导报 |
中国人学英语总是受到汉语的干扰。英语写作是语法概念、词汇知识、修辞手法等交流手段的综合运用。缺乏对英语习惯表达法的了解及缺少写作技巧的基本训练,英语写作中就会出现各种错误。下面笔者将学生作文中最普遍的错误作一归类整理,以便对症下药,排除干扰,用地道的英语表达自己的观点。 一、结构错误 1. There be 句型拖泥带水。如: There is an old sentence says “Practice makes perfect.” 学生作文中常爱引用一句谚语或格言来开头,于是在There be句型后紧跟着又出现了一个谓语动词。实际上,要表示“常言道”英语中有现成的说法,如:“As the saying goes”,“As a proverb has it”等。还有些学生的作文开头就是“There has different ideas about...”,连基本的“There be”句型也被改造了。 2. 误用平行结构。所谓平行结构,或对称结构(Parallelism),是指用相同的语法结构表示几个意思上密切相关内容的修辞手法。这一修辞手法极其有用,使用得当,可使句子结构紧凑,对称协调,语意鲜明,逻辑性强。但是,许多学生由于对这种修辞手法知之甚少,对其对称照应的特点掌握不好,常常写出一些结构不均衡,文意欠通顺,逻辑混乱的句子。如: My summer's work proved not only interesting but I also learned much from it. She has fallen in love with him not because he is handsome but that he is diligent. 3. 出现“悬垂结构”。在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。如: Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view. (1)悬垂分词 误: Being Sunday, they went for a picnic. 正: It being Sunday, they went for a picnic. 正: As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic. (2)悬垂不定式 误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary. 正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction. (3)悬垂简式从句 误:When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him. 正:When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him. 二、意义错误 英语句子的意义错误产生于用词不当,用词不当又产生于不懂词义或片面理解,根子是完全依赖中文字面释义,不顾词性内涵、前后搭配等而张冠李戴。 1. 词性误用。 We all know that fail is the mother of succeed. (fail的名词形式为failure; succeed的名词形式为success) Make our cities greener is important. Plant trees and flowers is the best measure to obtain the goal.(应改用动名词短语作主语Making...和Planting...) People can through the Internet to get information. (错把介词through当动词用。宜改为:People can get information through the Internet.) 2. 词语赘用。 词语赘用就是在文章中使用了多余的字(useless words)、或用了大词(big words),雅词(elegant words),形成了废话(dead word),使文章组织不严密,内容模糊不清。如: Before we began to carry out the open-policy, my home town was a poor, backward, shabby, ugly and undeveloped place. 此句过多地使用了一些带有贬义的形容词,如此描述,使人不能不感到作者似乎对自己的家乡眷恋不足,厌倦有余。为何出现这种词语多余的现象呢? (1)(语言)心理负担过重。写作时,惟恐所表达的意思不完整,语言不完美,于是就接二连三地使用一些意思相同或相近的词语,结果破坏了句子的简洁性。我们在写作实践中务必用词准确、简练,使所表达的内容清楚明白。 (2)受汉语影响。在汉语写作中,人们经常使用“修饰语+中心词”这一公式,如:“残酷剥削”、“野蛮侵略”。受这种汉语措辞的影响,不少学生写出的英语就显得简练不足。 (文/张树勇; 英语辅导报高中教师版 04~05学年度第24期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |