with独立主格结构是英语的一种重要的句法现象，在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点，因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知，with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃，虽然它在句子中只作状语，但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。现将with引导的独立主格结构加以小结。

　　一、句法结构

　　【结构一】with ＋名词(代词)＋介词短语

　　【例句】He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand. 他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。

　　The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。

　　Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。

　　【结构二】with ＋名词(代词)＋形容词

　　【例句】He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open. 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。

　　The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery. 这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。

　　He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold. 他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。

　　【结构三】with ＋名词(代词)＋副词

　　【例句】With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. 产量上升了60%, 公司又是一个好年景。

　　The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on. 这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。

　　The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down. 这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。

　　He put on his socks with the wrong side out. 他把袜子穿反了。

　　【结构四】with ＋名词(代词)＋名词

　　【例句】She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion. 她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她惟一的伙伴。

　　He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。

　　【结构五】with ＋名词(代词)＋现在分词

　　【例句】She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her. 她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。

　　With you helping me whenever I'm in trouble, I feel very obliged to you. 无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。

　　【结构六】with ＋名词(代词)＋过去分词

　　【例句】“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Erik said. “我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾瑞克说。

　　The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare. 这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。

　　【结构七】with ＋名词(代词)＋不定式

　　【例句】With 10 minutes to go, you'd better hurry. 还有十分钟，你最好快一点。

　　With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed. 有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。

　　二、句法功能

　　【作状语】with独立主格结构主要用作状语，可以表示伴随、方式、原因、时间等。

　　【例句】With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有玛丽的帮助，他一定能成功。

　　With winter coming on, it is getting colder and colder day by day. 冬天慢慢到来，天气也一天比一天冷了起来。

　　The streets are even more beautiful with all the lights on. 在灯光的映衬下，街道显得的更美丽了。

　　The teacher came into the classroom with a ruler under his arm. 老师走进教室，胳膊下面夹着一把尺子。

　　【作定语】主要是用作后置定语。

　　【例句】The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks. 这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。

　　Any man with eyes in his head can see that he is exactly like a rope. 任何一个头上长眼睛的人都能看到它确实像一根绳子。

　　三、句法关系

　　【主表关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的形容词、副词以及介词短语构成。

　　【例句】Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 妈妈眼含泪水看着我。

　　The boy put on his shirt, with the wrong side out. 小男孩反穿着衬衫。

　　I once lived in a house with many trees and flowers round it. 我曾经住在一座房子里，周围有许多树木和鲜花。

　　【主谓关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构的名词和其后的现在分词构成。

　　【例句】With night coming on, we started for home. 夜幕降临，我们动身回家。

　　The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky. 小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。

　　【动宾关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的过去分词及动词不定式构成的，前者表示“被动；完成”；后者表示“未做；待做”。

　　【例句】With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night. 有这么多工作要做，我们不得不彻夜不眠。

　　With nothing taken home, the boy was afraid to see his stepfather. 没有东西带回家，这个小男孩害怕见到他的父

　　亲。

　　四、句法省略

　　【省略特征】with独立主格结构中的省略主要是指在“with + 名词 + 介词短语”结构中的省略，其特点是省去with及介词短语中的名词修饰词，也就是：“名词 + 介词 + 名词”。

　　【例句】She ran to the hero, flowers in hand. 她手里拿着鲜花跑向这位英雄。

　　The maths teacher walked into the classroom, book in hand. 数学老师手里拿着一本书走进了教室。

　　(文/刘善英；英语辅导报初中教师版04~05学年第26期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)