梦与情感之间的联系在Cartwright诊所的病人们中有所体现。在夜里早些时候，大多数人在前半夜似乎会更容易做恶梦，等到快睡醒前就逐渐变为较愉快的梦，这表示他们正在化解白天产生的负面情绪。由于我们的意识被日常生活占据，所以我们并不总是会思考白天所发生事件的情感意义——我们被开始做梦时，这种影响才出现。

　　但这一过程并不一定要留到我们无意识的时候。Cartwright认为，人们可以通过练习有意识地控制反复出现的恶梦。一旦醒来，马上弄清楚是什么在梦中困扰你，进而可以想象你希望如何结束这个梦，当同样的梦再次出现的时候，想办法醒来，以便控制梦的发展。一般来说，经过大量的练习后，人们是能够学会在睡眠中控制梦境的。

　　Cartwright还指出，在一天快结束的时候，我们可能没有太多理由关注我们做的那些梦，除非它们使我们难以入睡或让“我们从惊恐中醒来”。恐怖活动、经济的不稳定性和通常的不安全感会增加人们的焦虑。长期受恶梦困扰的人应当寻求医生的帮助；而至于其他人，大脑自有它自己化解不好情绪的办法。放心地睡觉——或者做梦——早上醒来时你会感觉好一些。

　　Text 4

　　American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

　　Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-ending of Old English.

　　But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

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