考研英语阅读理解作者观点和态度的提问方式_新浪教育

考研英语阅读理解作者观点和态度的提问方式

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/07/10 15:48 双博士丛书

　　一篇文章不可避免地反映了作者的观点、态度和情绪。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度也是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了主题思想和主要事实后，方能作出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意以下几个问题：1.有时候作者的语气和态度并不是明确地表达出来的。在许多文体当中，如议论文、记叙文、说明文等，作者都会有自己的观点、态度和感情，但是隐蔽得较深，不易察觉。有时候作者的语气好像是在客观地对某一事物进行描写，然而总会有几处地方，几个关键性的

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词流露出作者的态度、感情色彩。作者的语气和态度通常有幽默(humorous)，讽刺(satirical)，认真的(serious)，正式的(formal)，非正式的(informal)，批判的(critical)，赞美的(praising)，中立的(neutral)，自信的(confident)，恐惧的(frightened)，悔恨的(sorry)，悲观的(pessimistic)，乐观的(optimistic)等等。

　　2.有时作者先介绍了某一种观点，却接着在后面提出了相反的观点。因此，要正确判断作者的态度或观点，必须将上下文联系起来看。要注意文章中所陈述的内容并非都代表了作者的观点。

　　3.有时，作者通过使用词汇等手段，暗示了自己对文中某一具体问题所持的态度和观点。这时，我们要特别仔细琢磨文中所用词汇的特点，弄明白作者的态度是赞成还是反对，是肯定还是否定。

　　(一)掌握命题方式

　　涉及作者的观点、语气或态度的题目的提问方式通常有：

　　①Which of the following statements best describes the authors view of ?

　　②The author probably thinks/holds/believes/insists/suggests that .

　　③According to the author,which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?

　　④The tone of the whole passage is .

　　⑤According to the article,which of the following best characterizes the authors attitude towards ?⑥Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards ?

　　⑦According to the author .

　　⑧The passage indicates that the author experiences a feeling of .

　　请看下面短文。

　　Example (1)

　　Television is now playing a very important part in our lives. But television,like other things,has both advantages and disadvantages. Do the former outweigh thelatter?

　　In the first place,television is not only a convenient source of entertainment,but also a comparatively cheap one. For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. They do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre,the cinema,or the opera,only to discover,perhaps,that the show is disappointing. All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. Some people,however,maintain that this is preciselyswheresthe danger lies. The television viewer takes no initiative. He makes no choice and exercises no judgement. He is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.

　　Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought rightsintosones sittingroom. It could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well;but on television everything is much more living,much more real. Yet here again there isa danger. We get so used to looking at it,so dependent on its flickering(忽隐忽现) pictures,that it begins to dominate our lives.

　　There are many other arguments for and against television. The poor quality of its programmes is often criticized. But it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many lonely elderly people. And does it corrupt(使变坏) or instruct our children? Ithink we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society.

　　Which of the following can best describe the view of the author?

　　A.Television has not only advantages but also disadvantages.

　　B.The advantages of television outweigh its disadvantages.

　　C.Television has neither advantages nor disadvantages.

　　D.It is not clearly seen in the passage.

　　从全文来看，虽然作者既提到优点也提到缺点，但是主要倾向是肯定优点，在谈到缺点时用了“some people”，表示了持这种看法的人有限。因此B项符合题意。

　　Example (2)

　　Londoners are great readers. They buy a vast number of newspapers and magazines and even of books-especially paperbacks,which are still relativelycheap in spite of the everincreasing rises in the cost of printing. They still continue to buy“proper”books, too, printed on good paper and bound betweenhard covers.

　　There are many streets in London containing shops which specialize in bookselling. Perhaps the best known of these is Charing cross Road in the very heart of London. Here the bookshops of all sorts and sizes are to be found,from the celebrated one which boasts of being“the biggest bookshop in the world”to the tiny dusty little places which seem to have been left over from Dickenstime. Some of these shops stock,or will obtain any kind of books,but many of them specialise in secondhand books,in art books,in books on philosophy,politics or any other of the myriad subjects about which books may be written. One shop in this area specializes in books about ballet!

　　The tone of this passage is .

　　A.curiosity

　　B.amazement

　　C.doubt

　　D.disbelief

　　这篇文章似乎仅仅是讲述一个事实“Londoners are great readers”伦敦人非常喜欢看书，他们购买各种书籍，并且伦敦市大街上到处都有专卖书的商店，而书店也是各种各样的。但是我们仔细看一个作者的用词“Which boasts of being the biggest bookshop in the world to…from Dickenstime”，“One shop in this area specializes in books about ballet!”这些用词表现了作者的好奇心，所以应当选A。

　　Example (3)

　　For me,the word“soul”has yet to be properly defined. I have seen or felt noevidence of its existence. I have heard the word and listened to the theory connected with it,but it is abstract and academic at best.

　　The theory of an existing and benevolent God simply doesnt make sense to anyonewho is rational. A benevolent and omnipotent God would never allow such imbalances as I see to exist for one second. If by chance I am wrong,however,I must then assume that being born black called for some automatic punishment for sins I know nothing about,and being innocent it behooves me to defy God.

　　1.It can be concluded from the passage that a rational person cannot .

　　A.arrive at the truth through reason

　　B.find happiness in this world

　　C.reason from cause to effect

　　D.be convinced of the existence of God

　　2.If God does exist,in spite of the reasons why the author thinks he doesnot,then the author must believe that God is .

　　A.unjust

　　B.allpowerful

　　C.good

　　D.just

　　3.The author .

　　A.avoids the issue he is trying to prove

　　B.does not understand the political issues

　　C.resents the fact that he was born black

　　D.expects equal treatment from a biased society

　　本文的三个理解题都提问的是作者的观点和作者的态度。第一题是结论性的问题。从短文的第一句话就知道了作者的观点。在作者的眼里，“灵魂”这个词还有待下一个恰当的定义。

　　作者认为仁慈的上帝是不存在的。从作者的这个观点，我们得出的结论当然是作者不相信有上帝存在。故正确答案为D。A、B、C的内容都没有依据。

　　第二题提问的是作者对上帝的态度。从本文的第二段第二句话“仁慈的、万能的上帝一秒钟也不会允许我看到这些不平等(现象)的存在”，推断出作者的看法——假如真有上帝，作者一定认为上帝是不公平的，否则他就不会看到世上存在这么多不公平的事。因而A是正确答案。B、C、D的内容都与作者的观点相反。

　　本文的最后一句话“…it behooves me to defy God”告诉我们：作者之所以要无视上帝，是因为他觉得上帝不公平。作者希望看到的是一种平等的待遇。比较第三题的四个答案，A、B、C均与之无关，而D讲的却是希望在有偏见的社会里得到平等的对待。显然D是正确答案。

　　(二)掌握作者真正的观点

　　这种类型的题主要是弄清作者说了些什么，以及写此文章的目的。要正确地判断作者的观点，我们除了要仔细阅读文章，还必须把上下文联系起来，因为文章中所列述的内容并非都是作者的观点或描述意图。作者的观点或意图可能隐藏在一句话或一个段落中，故我们要仔细阅读。

　　例：1992年第1篇全真考研题

　　It is all very well to blame traffic jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life,but manners on the roads are becoming horrible.Everybody knows that the nicest men becomemonstersbehind the wheel.It is all very well,again,to have a tiger in the tank,but to have one in the drivers seat is another

　　matter altogether.You might tolerate the odd roadhog,the rude and inconsiderate driver,but nowadays the wellmannered motorist is the exception to the rule.Perhaps the situation calls for a“Be Kind to Other Drivers”campaign,otherwise itmay get completely out of hand.

　　Road politeness is not only good manners,but good sense too.It takes the most coolheaded and goodtempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.On the other hand,a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.But such acknowledgments of politeness are all too rare today.Many drivers nowadays donteven seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.

　　However,misplaced politeness can also be dangerous.Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic,when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossingsintosthe path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time.The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.

　　A veteran driver,whose manners are faultless,told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctlysintostraffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.Unfortunately,modern motorists cant even learn to drive,let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship.Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lotmore giveandtake from all road users.It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.

　　35.In the writer's opinion,

　　A.strict traffic regulations are badly needed

　　B.drivers should apply road politeness properly

　　C.rude drivers should be punished

　　D.drivers should avoid traffic jams

　　35B本题要根据作者在文章中的观点来判断。根据全文可知A、D不符合文意，C项内容文章中未涉及。根据第三段第一句可知，不仅司机们要有礼貌，而且礼貌行为要适时，得当，否则他可能引发很危险的后果。这在文中也代表了作者的观点。因此，可以断定本题正确答案是B。

　　(三)掌握作者的语气态度

　　这种题型主要是弄清作者的态度是赞成，还是反对；是肯定还是否定，是中立、冷淡还是同情、厌恶等。作者的这种论述基调往往不是直接在文章中写出来，而是通过对词汇的选择或其他修辞手法体现出来。因此，我们做此类型的题时，要仔细琢磨文中某些词汇的特点，以及关于作者思想倾向的句子和修辞。

　　例：1993年第2篇全真考研题

　　In general,our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small,welloiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages,well ventilated factories andpiped music,and by psychologists and“humanrelations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.In fact,the blue and the whitecollar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

　　The worker and employee are anxious,not only because they might find themselves out of a job;they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without evershavingsconfrontedthe fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

　　Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no lessempty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of selfrespect.When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested againand again-by the psychologists,for whom testing is a big business,and by their superiors,who judge their behavior,sociability,capacity to get along,etc. Thisconstant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellowcompetitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

　　Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production orto nineteenthcentury“free enterprise”capitalism?Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism inwhich maximal production and consumption are ends in themselvessintosa humanistindustrialism in which man full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.

　　40.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of.

　　A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance

　　40B从文章的第一段作者所描述的现行industrialism体制中人的地位作用，和第二、三段作者所探讨这种体制下所产生的种种问题和第四段中作者建议把bureaucratically managed industrialism改换成其他的形式，可以推断作者认为现行的industrialism不好，所以他对其态度不是(A)approval(赞许)，(D)tolerance(容忍)，和(C)suspicion(怀疑，作者在这里把对industrialism的态度表达得明白无误，并不迟疑、犹豫)，而是(B)dissatisfaction(不满)，这也是作者的态度，所以B是本道题目的正确答案。

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