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考研英语阅读理解推理和引申的提问方式

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/07/10 16:41  双博士丛书

  在日常生活中我们经常运用推理,如你对一位同学说“请打开窗子”,你的同学就会作出推理。“教室里太热或太闷”,因此他就知道打开窗子是为了透透风。要作出正确的推理,要求我们的思维达到一定的高度,在明显的事实和隐含的事实之间,或在已阐明的事实与未阐明的事实之间架起桥梁。

  在阅读中,人们首先理解的是语言的字面意义。然而,语言所表达的内容常常超过其
字面意义。这就需要我们掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法,根据事物发展的自然规律以及语言本身的内在联系,从一定的文字符号中获得尽可能多的信息。

  有时,作者在文中并未把需要读者理解的所有意思直接表达出来,而期待读者能领悟文章的内在含义,即从字里行间来体会他想表达的意思。由于有的意思文中没有直接说明,读者必须根据文中所陈述内容的逻辑发展、上下文的连贯以及文中有关部分的暗示,作出判断或进行推理。

  在阅读中,判断和推理的能力是十分重要的,只有具备这种能力,才有可能真正弄懂文章中语言上没有明确表达却又隐含的意思,达到真正的理解。

  (一)掌握命题方式

  提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时,问句中都含有infer,imply,suggest(推断,暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思,更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义,和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是:意思要靠推断得出,而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容;明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的;分析文章里所给的有关信息;注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义;最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理,挖出文章的伏笔,得出正确的推论。

  这种问题的提问方式通常有:

  ①From paragraph 4 we can infer that . (2001年全真考研题)

  ②The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is . (2000年全真考研题)

  ③What can be inferred from the passage?(2000年全真考研题)

  ①From the last paragraph we can infer that . (1997年全真考研题)

  ②The author implies that by the year 2000, . (1994年全真考研题)

  ③To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should

  . (1993年全真考研题)

  这种提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到,必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算,从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意义及观点。

  解推理题时,要严格遵循逻辑规律,这类题主要测试学生的思维判断能力。解题时要把握住推理范围,大到段落或全文,小到词语或句子;提倡“以事实为依据”,但又不能“就事论事”。

  解推理题时必须注意:

  ①一定要在语篇整体水平上了解全文。

  ②把握推理范围。

  ③利用相关部分提供的事实、背景和常识。

  ④保持正确的思维过程和严密的逻辑性。

  请看下面的短文。

  Example (1)

  Throughout the colonial period,an insignificant number of upperclass Europeansemigrated to the English possessions in North America. The early settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and in Virginia were drawn largely from the rural areas of England. Few actual paupers and few of the really rich were among them. Nevertheless,the colonists were not peopled exclusively by members of what today would be described as the rural middle class. Many settlers were so poor that they paid for passage across the Atlantic by selling their freedom for a given number of years;poverty forced others to leave their native lands for the New World against their will.

  It can be inferred from the passage that some settlers were able to pay for travel to the New World by .

  A.disguising themselves as wealthy merchants

  B.falsifying their ancestor's wills

  C.drawing and selling portraits of upperclass Europeans

  D.working for other people for several years

  对于该问题,文章有提示,即文章的最后一个句子。我们可以从该句中they paid for passage across the Atlantic by selling their freedom for a given number of years所包含的信息,推断出“这些人为了过大西洋需要去挣钱,其方式就是为别人打工,出售自己的自由”。故D是正确的。

  再看下面两篇短文。

  Example (2)

  The first area outside the United States to which settlers moved in substantial numbers was the province now called Texas. By 1830 eastern Texas had been occupied by nearly 20,000 whites and 1,000 black slaves from the United States.

  Many westerners had been disappointed when the U.S. government,in the Florida purchase treaty of 1819,accepted the Sabine River as the South western boundary ofthe United States. By doing so,the United States surrendered whatever vague claim it had to Texas as part of the Louisiana purchase. After winning independencefrom Spain in 1822, Mexico twice rejected American offers to buy this sparsely settled province;but during the 1820s she welcomed law - abiding American immigrants.

  The first and most successful promoter of American settlement in Mexico was stephen F. Austin,who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government and established flourishing colony on the banks of the Brazos River. Most of the immigrants were farmers and small slave holders from the southern United States who were attracted by the rich lands suitable for cotton growing and available for a few cents an acre.

  It can be inferred from the passage that .

  A.Texas was not always a part of the United States

  B.Mexico was interested in becoming part of the United States

  C.Texas was attractive to slaves who sought freedom

  D.Mexico contemplated buying the province of Texas

  从这篇短文的第二段可以看出,美国政府在1819年购买佛罗里达州的条约中,接受了萨拜因河作为美国西南边界的条款,这样她就放弃了得克萨斯州作为购买路易斯安那州的一部分。因此我们可以推断,得克萨斯州曾经不是美国的国土,所以选A是正确的。

  Example (3)

  Wood carving began as a necessity in America and developedsintosan art. Because of the lack of other materials,early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood. At first,these articles were whittled with a knife,but when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops, most of them were fashioned on a lathe - a machine which holds an object and rotates it while it is being shaped by a tool.

  However,even after Massachusetts-born Thomas Blanchard designed a lathe which could turn irregular shapes - an innovation that made possible mass production of gunstocks,shoe lasts,oblong and square woodenware - craftsmen who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in demand. Some found ready employment in shops of cabinet makers,while others carved decoys. Still others specialized in creating shop signs,ship figureheads,or in decorating interior woodwork. A few even accepted commissions to make busts of prominent citizens.

  1.According to the passage,the first settlers used wood for their utensils and tools because it was .

  A.durable

  B.inexpensive

  C.available

  D.attractive

  2.The passage suggests that the early shops for making tools were .

  A.not very sophisticated

  B.known for doing very quick work

  C.dependent on imported materials

  D.frequented only by fashionable people

  3.It can be inferred from the passage that before Thomas Blanchard's invention,lathes .

  A.were not made of wood

  B.could not produce square objects

  C.were found only in cabinet making shops

  D.could be used to make most tools and utensils

  如果根据常识,第1题四个选择答案中的A、B、C似乎都对。但本文中的第二句话的意思暗示我们,早期的居民使用木头工具和厨房用具是被迫的,这是因为“缺少其他材料”而造成的。换句话说,只有木头“是可以得到的(available)”。因而正确答案为C。

  第2题问句中的suggest(暗示)一词意味着答案不能直接从原文照搬而要靠推论得出。文中shops前的形容词primitive为推论提供了根据。primitive的意思是“原始的”、“早期的”。原始的或早期的作坊当然不会是复杂的、先进的,因而正确答案为A。

  第3题问句中的infer一词表明本题是推论题。解“推论题”,首先必须找到正确的根据。哪个答案没有明确的依据,它就不可能是正确的答案。在本文第一段末尾的lathe(车床),其后的同位语中并未说明它是用什么材料制成的,因而无法得出它不是用木头做的这一推论,A可以排除。本文第二段第一句中的square woodenware与B中square objects意义相同,但不能作为B的根据。因为第二段第一句中的that定语从句that made possible mass production of gunstocks,shoe lasts,oblong and square woodenware…已明确表示,改造后的lathe使“成批生产”包括椭圆形和正方形的木器在内的器具成为可能。换句话说,从前的车床并非完全不能生产这些器具,而只是不能成批生产罢了,故B不能成立。C的内容与改进的车床毫无关系也可排除。所以D是正确答案,其根据还是本文第二段的that定语从句所述的内容。既然改进后的车床的作用只是使大规模批量生产成为可能,而并未增加产品的种类,由此推论,老式车床是能够生产出许多工具和厨房的用具的,故正确答案为D。

  (二)掌握暗指题

  这种类型题的特点是,信息(答案)我们不可能直接从文中获得,我们要通过一些具体的内容,来找到文章中的暗指,而这些暗指内容就是答案。如果找到文中的暗指之处,我们还必须注意以下几点:

  ①整体水平上理解全文。

  ②把握文章中重要的细节和主题。

  ③分清是明述还是暗指。

  ④做题时,不要受干扰信息影响,确定正确信息。

  例:1996年第4篇全真考研题

  What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal,“spatial”thinking about things technological.

  Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

  Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in1853 reported,“With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidlysintosthe skilled workman.”

  A further stimulus to invention came from the“premium”system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered investors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

  In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded atcountry fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

  Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out,“A technologist thinks about objectsthat cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process ... The designer and the inventor ...are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”

  This nonverbal“spatial”thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote,“The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

  When all these shaping forces - schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking - interacted with one another on the rich U.S.mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

  64.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .

  A.benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge

  B.shed light on disciplined school management

  C.was brought about by privileged home training

  D.owed a lot to the technological development

  64A第三段、第四段指出,小学教育是美国拥有大量发明的原因之一,而其重要部分是算术、几何及三角知识,即mathematical knowledge。

  (三)掌握推理题

  这种题型的特点是以事实为依据,但其结果又绝不是事实本身。它主要测试考生的思维判断能力。它不同于客观事实题,也不同于暗指题,它更侧重于推理。做此种题时,一定要遵循逻辑规律,以事实为依据,要注意以下几点:

  ①判断是暗指题还是推理题。

  ②掌握推理题范围。

  ③正确的思维过程和严密的逻辑性。

  ④利用相关材料的事实、背景知识和常识来推论。

  例:1994年第3篇全真考研题

  Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.For these children to develop to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.

  Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children,we find ourselves describing their environment as well.While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention,we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development.And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge,hopes,and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

  Education in any society is a mirror of that society.In that mirror we can see the strengths,the weaknesses,the hopes,the prejudices,and the central values of the culture itself.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicated the strong feeling in our society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

  “All men are created equal.”Weve heard it many times,but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society.Although the phrase was used bythis country's founders to denote equality before the law,it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity,whether that capacity be small or great.Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children-disabled or not-to anappropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.In response, schools are modifying their programs,adapting instruction to children who are exceptional,to those who cannot profitsubstantially from regular programs.

  62.From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children.

  A.is now enjoying legal support

  B.disagrees with the tradition of the country

  C.was clearly stated by the country's founders

  D.will exert great influence over court decisions

  62A这是一道细节题,在文章的最后一段有一句话提供了本题正确答案可参照的依据:“...Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children-disabled or not-toan appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education”。即对儿童在教育上的关心得到了法律上的支持,

  因此正确答案应该为A。

  (四)结论题

  这种题型就是一种归纳总结的过程,常用conclude或conclusion有关的各种语句进行提问。

  做这种类型的题时,我们要根据题目要求就短文的有关内容做出结论,这个结论的得出一定要以事实为依据,也要依据自己的常识和经验。我们在做此种类型的题时,一定要注意以下几点:

  ①判断此题是不是推理题。

  ②紧扣主题,理解全文。

  ③通过主题与细节的关系,进行合乎理解的归纳。

  ④掌握作者的观点和意图。

  例:1992年第3篇全真考研题

  Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true:that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred.There is probably some truth in both arguments,but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood.Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes,but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.

  One country received its secondplace medals with visible indignation after thehockey(曲棍球)final.There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match,the losers objecting to the final decisions.They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’victory was unfair.Their manager was in a rage when he said:“This wasn’t hockey.Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.”The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team forat least three years.

  The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia,after a disputable end to their contest.The game had ended in disturbance.It was thought at first that the United States had won,by a single point,but itwas announced that there were three seconds still to play.A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other,and another player popped itsintosthe basket.It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match.An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand.The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.

  Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game.The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals or in nonnational teams,might be too much to hope for.But in thepresent organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.

  45.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

  A.The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.

  B.Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.

  C.Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.

  D.International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.

  45.A这道题目问的是从该段文章中可以得出什么结论。根据文章的第一段的第三句话及文章的最后一句,可以判断出A所表达的内容是作者想要表达的含义,因为奥运会的组织形式只会encourage aggressive patriotism,而这不利于促进国际间的友谊关系。B表示的是一种可能解决问题的方法;C表示的内容和作者的观点正相反;D表示的内容只是某些人对international spots所持的一种观点,并非作者所要论述、阐明的,因此B、C、D三个选项都不对,A才是本题正确答案。



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