新浪教育_新浪网

Unit 20 Gandhi

http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/10/18 10:37 新浪教育

　　寻找中心句

　　文章是由一个个句子组成的，而句子又总是围绕着中心意思按照一定的思路有计划地组织起来的。一段文字中往往有一个中心句来提示该段的主题含义，这句表达主旨的话即为全段的核心或关键，其他句子都是围绕它从不同角度、不同方面进行展开的。找到了中心句，

　　就把握住了段落的核心，其他句子的意义和作用也就迎刃而解了。因此，寻找中心句的阅读策略实际上是一个抓主要矛盾的策略。

　　中心句的出现有三种情况：一是出现在一段的开头；二是出现在段尾，具有总结的作用；三是出现在段落中间，往往由一句话来统领全段。中心句对文章起提示、启迪、概括、归纳的作用。主旨大意题、归纳概括题、中心思想题往往都可从中心句中找到答案。

　　Passage 1

　　阅读理解…………………………………………………………………

　　It is difficult for a visitor to India not to notice the poverty (贫穷) which surrounds him. The truth is that the land will produce only enough food to raise two thirds of India's 480 million people. In an examination of Indian poverty, Ronald Segal in The Crisis of India observes: “Not only is the Indian economy (经济) greatly agricultural, but also it is less productive than the agricultural economies of most other states.① Too many people struggle to get survival from the earth, and the earth produces far too little in return.”

　　“The serious result is that India produces only enough to feed a little less than two thirds of its population. In a recent year, with a population of 438 million, food production reached 78 million tons. With the help of three million tons of imported (进口) food, this made the situations of India a little better. If a diet necessary to keep healthy were provided for as many people as possible, some 150 million people in India would have nothing to eat. If everyone received the same food, 438 million people would eat less than two thirds of what their bodies needed. As it is, a few are able to buy more food than they need, some can just afford the necessary diet, most cannot satisfy their need of food, and many (no one knows how many, but they are numbered in tens of millions of) live in a state of starvation (饥饿).”

　　And time is not on India's side.② While production moves at reasonable speed, the population increases quickly at something like 9,400,000 a year.

　　注释

　　………………………………

　　①Not only is the Indian economy greatly agricultural, but also it is less productive than the agricultural economies of most other states. 不仅印度经济主要靠的是农业，而且它的农业经济产值比大多数其他国家还要低。

　　②And time is not on India's side. 时间不再等待印度去发展。

　　根据文章内容，选择正确答案：

　　1. If enough food could be imported, how many people in India would it have to raise to make up for the short supply of food?

　　A. 160 million people.B. 150 million people.

　　C. 438 million people.D. 9,400,000 people.

　　2. The present increase in the production of food ____ .

　　A. is a factor (因素) which will finally improve the situation

　　B. is not less than the rate of increase in the population

　　C. will make up for the short supply of food

　　D. is not enough to keep pace with the rising population

　　3. The writer uses Segal's statement ____ .

　　A. to support his own remarks

　　B. to ask for foreign help

　　C. to make others know the importance of the need for family planning

　　D. to prove the statement made in the last paragraph to be wrong

　　Passage 2

　　阅读理解…………………………………………………………………

　　As late as 1800, a woman's only place was in her home.① Women in business were unheard of. No respectable woman would dream of entering what was strictly a “man's world”. Even if she would, what could she do? Men were sure that no woman could do a job well outside her home. This was a widelyaccepted idea. When the famous Bronte sisters② began writing books in 1846, they had to use men's names as aliases (化名).

　　Teaching was the first profession (职业) for women only after 1800. But even that was not easy for women to take because most high schools and colleges were open only to men. Oberlin College in Ohio was the first college in America to take in women.

　　Nursing was regarded as a respectable profession for women only after Florence Nightingale won high fame for her nursing career (事业) and became famous. Miss Nightingale opened the training school for nursing in 1860 in England.

　　The invention of typewriters in 1867 helped to bring women out of their homes to join the business world. Because women are careful and have smart fingers, businessmen found that they were well suited to this kind of work.

　　By 1890, tens of thousands of women were working in schools, hospitals, shops, offices, and factories both in England and the States. Some even managed to become doctors or lawyers. The idea of women working in business and other circles was accepted.

　　注释

　　………………………………

　　①As late as 1800, a woman's only place was in her home. 直至1800年，女人活动的圈子仍然停留在家里。

　　②Bronte sisters 勃朗特姐妹俩，英国著名作家，其作品有《呼啸山庄》、《简爱》等。

　　根据文章内容，选择正确答案：

　　1. The home was regarded as a woman's only place ____ .

　　A. at the turn of the 19th century

　　B. in the late 1800s

　　C. before the typewriter was invented

　　D. when the Bronte sisters began writing books

　　2.Oberlin College was the first college in America ____ .

　　A. where teaching was a profession only open to women

　　B. where girls could get advanced education

　　C. to train women to be teachers and nurses

　　D. to accept women only as professors and students

　　3.Quite a lot of women entered the business world ____ .

　　A. soon after 1800

　　B. when Nightingale became famous

　　C. at the beginning of the 20th century

　　D. after the typewriter came into use

　　4. What is the best title for this passage?

　　A. Women Are Good at Nursing

　　B. How Women Joined the Outside World

　　C. What Happened in the Business World

　　D. Typing Is the Best Profession for Women

　　Passage 3

　　阅读理解…………………………………………………………………

　　Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, in the southeast of the US, the son of a minister in the church. When he was still a boy, Martin learned that his people, the black Americans, were often treated differently from most of their fellow Americans.① Many couldn't attend good schools, get good jobs, or live in nice houses because of the color of their skin. Martin knew that in a free country this was wrong. He wanted to help his black brothers and sisters. So he decided to go to school and become a minister. He became a minister in Montgomery, Alabama. This was where Martin Luther King's “Peaceful Fight” first began.

　　Dr King worked for equality in other cities, too. He knew that the only way people won their rights was to remain peaceful, even in face of danger.② Dr. King won the Nobel Prize in 1964 for his achievements and courage. King had made many enemies because of his work in the black liberation movement. On April 4th, 1968, he was murdered. However, his struggle had already changed the whole society in the USA. Within a few years of his death, black people across the country held important jobs in government. Many blacks worked as managers, lawyers, teachers, bankers, broadcasters and newspaper editors.

　　King's historical importance was memorialized at the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent (非暴力的) Social Change, a research institute in Atlanta where his tomb is located. The King Center is located at the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, which includes King's birthplace and the Ebenezer Church. Perhaps the most important memorial (纪念) is the national holiday in King's honor, designated by the Congress of the United States in 1983 and observed on the third Monday in January, a day that falls on or near King's birthday of January 15.

　　注释

　　………………………………

　　①Martin learned that his people, the black Americans, were often treated differently from most of their fellow Americans. 马丁感受到他的人民——黑人，总是和白人被区别对待。

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　　②He knew that the only way people won their rights was to remain peaceful, even in face of danger. 他认为黑人即使面对危险，要想赢得权利也只能通过非暴力方式。

　　根据文章内容，选择正确答案：

　　1. Martin Luther King, Jr. had been long troubled by ____ .

　　A. the poor education the black Americans received

　　B. the difference in the color of skin between the blacks and whites

　　C. the low degree of freedom in his country

　　D. the unfair state of the black people

　　2. Martin Luther King, Jr. believed ____ .

　　A. the equality for all Americans could come by itself

　　B. the black Americans could only win equality by armed struggle

　　C. the black Americans could win equality through peaceful means

　　D. peace was the only goal for black Americans

　　3. Martin was shot because ____ .

　　A. he was a fearless fighter for equal rights of the black people

　　B. he was a minister who was active in politics

　　C. he believed in nonviolence (非暴力)

　　D. he stuck to peaceful fight

　　Passage 4

　　完形填空…………………………………………………………………

　　If you want to be a good teacher, you need some of the gifts of a good actor. You must be able to 1 the attention and interest of your students; you must be a 2 speaker, with a good, strong, 3 voice which is fully under your control;① and you must be able to 4 what you are teaching, in order to make its meaning clear.

　　5 a good teacher, and you will see that he does not sit still 6 his class: he stands the whole time while he is teaching; he walks about, using his 7, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express feelings. Listen to him, and you will 8 the loudness, the quality and the musical notes of his voice always changing according to what he is 9 about. The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesnt 10 that he will indeed be able to act 11 on the stage，for there are very important 12 between the teacher s work and the actor s. The actor has to say words that he has learnt by heart; he has to repeat exactly the 13 words each time he plays a certain part, 14 his movements and the ways in which he uses his voice are usually 15 before hand. What he has to do is to make all these carefully learnt words and actions seem 16 on the stage.

　　A good teacher 17 in quite a different way. His students take an active part in his 18: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don t obey something, they will say no. The teacher therefore has to suit his act to the needs of his students,② which is in his class. He cannot learn his part by heart, but must 19 it as he goes along.

　　I have known many teachers who were fine 20 in class but unable to take part in a stage play because their brains wouldnt keep discipline (规定): they could not keep strictly to what others had written.

　　注释

　　………………………………

　　①which is fully under your control 完全在你的控制之下

　　②The teacher therefore has to suit his act to the needs of his students. 因此老师不得不使他的表演符合学生的需求。

　　根据文章内容，选择正确答案：

　　1. A. payB. holdC. giveD. know

　　2. A. clearB. slowC. quickD. loud

　　3. A. frighteningB. fearingC. excitingD. pleasant

　　4. A. actB. talkC. sayD. repeat

　　5. A. ListenB. LookC. WatchD. Observe

　　6. A. forB. beforeC. behindD. with

　　7. A. tongueB. wordsC. legsD. arms

　　8. A. hearB. seeC. thinkD. guess

　　9. A. talkingB. thinkingC. hearingD. saying

　　10.A. tellB. expressC. showD. mean

　　11.A. goodB. badlyC. wellD. actively

　　12.A. thingsB. differencesC. pointsD. jobs

　　13.A. differentB. sameC. aboveD. following

　　14.A. justB. neverC. everD. even

　　15.A. readB. knownC. fixedD. written

　　16.A. naturalB. realC. falseD. clear

　　17.A. isB. worksC. hasD. teaches

　　18.A. groupB. partyC. classD. play

　　19.A. inventB. discoverC. teachD. continue

　　20.A. speakersB. watchersC. actorsD. listeners

　　Passage 1

　　本文讲述了印度的农业落后状况及由此而产生的粮食短缺问题。

　　1. A由文中第一段第二句推知，有一亿六千万人没有食物保障，所以充足的食品进口可以解决印度一亿六千万人的食品短缺问题。

　　2. D根据最后一段可知，尽管印度粮食生产量的增长速度还可以，但人口却以每年940万的速度迅猛增长，粮食问题仍然难以解决。

　　3. A作者运用Ronald Segal在《印度危机》著作中的观点作为支撑自己观点的依据。

　　Passage 2

　　本文介绍了19世纪前妇女在上学、工作等方面受到不同程度的束缚以及19世纪后所发生的变化，充分说明了妇女的地位在不断地提高。

　　1. A根据文章首句可推断出结论。

　　2. B根据文章第二段最后一句话可推断出答案。

　　3. D根据文章第四段内容可知，打字机发明之后，更多的妇女进入商业领域。

　　4. B综观全文，尤其从第一、五两段可推断出答案。

　　Passage 3

　　本文简要地介绍了Martin Luther King不屈不挠地为争取黑人人权而斗争的一生。

　　1. D从第一段可得知，Martin时代的社会是一个不平等的社会。

　　2. CMartin主张用非暴力的形式来获得平等。

　　3. A文章第二段有提示。

　　Passage 4

　　本文从演员和教师的行为对比中分析了一个好教师应具备的优良品质。

　　1. B一名优秀教师必须能引起学生的注意和兴趣。

　　2. A与下句中 voice 相一致的应是clear。

　　3. Dpleasant voice意为“悦耳的声音”。

　　4. A根据教学内容进行“表演”，让学生更加清楚明了。

　　5. C用watch表示“仔细地观察”；listen后要接to; look应和at 连用；observe意义过于严肃。

　　6. B根据常识选择。

　　7. Darms, fingers, hands属一类。

　　8. A指听到教师上课时那抑扬顿挫、悦耳动听的讲课声。

　　9. A声调随他讲课的内容变化而变化。talk about 为固定搭配，意为“谈论、讨论、讲述”。

　　10.Dmean　“意味着”。

　　11.Cact well on the stage“在舞台上表演得好”。

　　12.B教师的课堂教学与演员的舞台表演不同。

　　13.B演员只须将事先背好的台词说出来就可以了。

　　14.D甚至演员表演时的动作、运用嗓子的方法都常常是提前安排好的。

　　15.C这里fix表示“固定”。

　　16.A演员们所做的是把所准备的台词、动作在舞台上自然地表演出来。

　　17.B教师的工作和演员的表演是截然不同的。

　　18.C教学是互动的，“take an active part in his class” 意为“在课堂中起着积极的作用”。

　　19.A教师必须根据教学内容创造性地进行教学。

　　20.C会上课的老师并不是一个会在舞台上表演的演员，因为他不愿墨守成规。

　　1. No respectable woman would dream of entering what was strictly a “man's world”. 没有一个体面的妇女能梦想进入所谓的“男人世界”。(Paragraph 1, Passage 2)

　　dream of 是“梦想，设想”的意思。dream既可作动词，也可作名词。

　　Little did I dream of succeeding so well. 我做梦也想不到如此圆满成功。

　　I dreamed a happy dream. 我做了一个快乐的梦。

　　I never dreamed that such a thing could happen! 我从没想到竟会发生这种事!

　　常见的搭配还有：

　　dream out 凭空想象出dream through 像梦一样地度过；虚度

　　go to one's dreams 进入梦乡live in a dream 梦一样地过日子

　　dream away one's life 虚度一生have a bad dream 做恶梦

　　like a dream 毫不费力地beyond one's dream 超过某人的期望

　　2. under your control 在你的控制之下(Paragraph 1, Passage 4)

　　名词control 的常见搭配有：

　　have／keep／take control of 控制；支配；管理

　　He has no control of his feelings. 他控制不住他的感情。

　　She managed to keep control of her car on the ice. 她在冰上开车，尽量控制了汽车。

　　under the control of 在……的控制下

　　The city is in／under the control of enemy forces. 该城现正处于敌军的控制之下。

　　out of control 失去控制

　　The children are out of control. 管不住这些孩子了。

　　beyond control 控制不住

　　The students were beyond control. 学生们不听管教。

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