新浪首页 > 新浪教育 > 英语辅导报社专栏 > 教师的PQE书面评语对提高学生书面表达能力的影响

教师的PQE书面评语对提高学生书面表达能力的影响
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/10/19 08:48  英语辅导报

  一、对学生文章内容上的影响

  这些指导方针就是鼓励教师在学生的初稿和复稿间给予一定的书面评语,给学生一些主要针对文章内容的提问、表扬和鼓励。此前教师可以列出一系列涉及内容的评价问题,主要集中在课堂上讨论过的写作问题。

  这样的评价指导方法对学生的书面表达能力的提高很有效果。曾有专家Ferres (1995)采用这种方法指导学生写作,结果证明,超过90%的中等水平的学生得到这种针对内容进行PQE评价附带对语言错误的评价后,学生的第二稿明显好于初稿。同时发现学生也很喜欢接受老师的这种两稿间的书面反馈。

  由此可以说明老师对学生的初稿和复稿不应只是指出语言错误,而应更注重对学生所写的内容做出积极肯定鼓励的评语。而我们现在许多教师都只是对初稿给予表面的语言错误的指出,并没有对内容给予肯定的表扬、提问或鼓励的书面评语,也就很难说能有效地提高学生的写作能力。

  Sperling and Freedman(1987)也认为老师的书面评语涉及到课堂上讨论过的要素才能使学生有效地应用老师的反馈去提高自己的写作水平。 因为老师对学生初稿的反馈和提问可以帮助学生充实文章内容。

  Ellis (1994)也告诉我们学生的学习动机与语言的获取是紧密相连的,要激发学生的学习动机,教师就应在书面评语中对学生给予一定的表扬和鼓励。他还进一步说,教师的具有参考价值或直接寻求信息的提问方式会帮助学生明确重写的意义所在,那么学生也才会有兴趣、有信心去重写。 这样他(她)的写作水平肯定会得到不断提高。

  让我们从下面的例子来看教师应怎样应用这种评语指导方式。这个例子包括一篇学生的初稿,老师的评语和学生的重写稿,是Davis-Ockey所教班级的一位中等水平的日本学生的习作。

  My Native City

  By Makiko Nishimori

  I am from Shimonoseki city. Shimonoseki is located in Southern Japan, and it is a small city, but it is the biggest in my prefecture. My prefecture is Yamaguchi. Shimonos-

  eki's climate is mild and bunch because Japan has four seasons. Shimonoseki is a quiet and nice place. And it is famous for ①blowfish. There are Kanmon bridge①, some temples and① shrines, museums and aquarium, and so on. But there is only one department store in Shimonoseki. People like to play sports, go shopping, go fishing, climbing mountains. Anyway Shimonoseki is a "fish" ② town.

  Teacher's Comments

  Makiko,

  Your city sounds very interesting. I have some ideas to help you revise your essay and add more details to it.

  1. Can you explain this idea more? I don't know anything about blowfish. Do they catch them there? What do they use them for? Also, can you give more details about the bridge and temples? What do they look like?

  2. I think your town must be next to a lake or an ocean, but you didn't say so. Can you describe the location of your town more? Why is it a "fish" town? That sounds very interesting, but I would like to know more about it. If your town has only one department store, it must be very small. Do you like living in a small town?

  I'm looking forward to learning more about your city.

  My Native City

  By Makiko Nishimori

  I am from Shimonoseki city. Shimonoseki is located on Southern Japan and it borders on the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan (2a). Shimonoseki is a small city, but it is the biggest city in my prefecture. My prefecture is Yamaguchi. Shimonoseki's climate is mild and humid, because Japan has four seasons. Shimonoseki is a quiet and nice place which is surrounded by nature. I like living in Shimonoseki. And it's famous for blowfish. Blowfish are caught in Haedomrai in Shimonoseki. Haedomari is known throughout the country as one of the fishing grounds of blowfish. Blowfish is very expensive and delicious. They're fish which turn whitish and taste light. Even the local people can't eat so much, because they are so expensive. They look like swelled cheek and have acupuncture all over the body. Also, they are poisonous. So when we cook blowfish, we need license for cooking blowfish. Shimonoseki is also good fish grounds for fresh fish in addition to blowfish. That's why people call Shimonoseki "fish" town. (1a) And there are Kanmon bridge, some temples and shrines, museums and aquariums and so on. Kanmon bridge connects Shimonoseki with moji. It's about 700 metres long. And there is the Akama shrine near the Kanmon bridge. It's very beautiful shrine which has bright red tile-roofed. (1b) There is only one big department store in Shimonoseki. People like to play sports, go shopping, go fishing, climb mountains. I think Shimonoseki is a good place to live.

  从上面的例子中,我们可以看出学生使用举例描绘性形容词和一些有趣轶事来扩展他的内容。从这篇习作样本我们可以看出学生明白了老师的评语,针对老师的评语而重新写了一篇对内容进行扩展的文章。划线部分是学生对老师评价的直接应用补充。比如10-29行根据1a的评语提供了有关blowfish的更多信息。 32-37行根据1b 的建议描写了bridge and shrine。第3行学生增添了这个城的方位所在(2a)重写的文章不仅长了,而且满足了读者对细节的了解。

  (文/张华; 英语辅导报高中教师版 04~05学年度第4期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)


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