1999 Passage 5

　　21. The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens,the moon and the planets.

　　【译文】 苹果向下落到地面不是向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大果实——月球和行星所存有的疑问。

　　【析句】 这个句子的主干是The fact… answered the question。主语The fact跟了一个同位语从句(the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree)。宾语the question跟了一个定语从句(he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens,the moon and the planets)。

　　【讲词】 fact(事实)词义虽然简单，但是在英语中会作主语或宾语，特别是介词的宾语，这种情况可能会给理解增加一些困难。We have to be aware of that fact that there is censorship in every country in the world.(我们必须认识到这样一个事实，即全世界每个国家都存在审查制度。)Apart from the fact that this is mislabeled,you could not guarantee that others would recognize these conventions,or even follow them.(不仅这种说法不对，而且你无法保证其他人会认识到这些习俗，或者甚至会遵守这些习俗。)

　　22. In talking to some scientists,particularly younger ones,you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.

　　【译文】 在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。

　　【析句】 这个句子的主干是you… gather the impression。句子的状语(In talking to some scientists,particularly younger ones)较长。that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought是定语从句，修饰the impression。

　　【讲词】 substitute意为“替代，替身”。Fantasies are more than substitutes for unpleasant reality.(幻想的意义并不仅仅在于作为失意的现实的替代物。)Silk was once substituted as a writing material.(丝绸曾一度是书写材料的替代品。)The coach has to find a substitute for the injured forward.(教练必须为受伤的前锋寻找一位替补队员。)

　　23. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate,then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

　　【译文】 假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。

　　【析句】 这是一个主从复合句，从句是if引导的条件从句，主句是then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents。从句的结构比较复杂，在这个as… as…的结构中，后一个as跟了一个句子。

　　【讲词】 measurable意为“可以衡量的”，measurable in dollars and cents意为“可以用钱来衡量”。In fact,practically any function that can be described is measurable.(事实上，每一个可以描述的功能几乎都能加以衡量。)Economic effects are more measurable than social effects.(经济影响比社会影响更能加以衡量。)

　　24. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

　　【译文】

　　【析句】 这个简单句的主语用的是形式主语it，真正的主语是for后面的部分。believe后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句，其主干是scientists… should not be distracted by…，其中的主语scientists跟了一个who引导的定语从句，这个定语从句的宾语分别是where和how引导的两个从句。

　　【讲词】 distract意为“使混乱，使迷惑”。The noise in the street distracted me from my reading.(街上的嘈杂声使我不能专心读书。)The school students were distracted by the noise outside the classroom.(教室外边的喧闹声使学生们不能集中注意力。)

　　have(keep) an eye on意为“盯着，看着；注意，留意”。Keep an eye on contact lenses safety.(当心隐形眼镜的安全。)Scientists warn us of the need to keep an eye on the ozone layer.(科学家警告我们要关注臭氧层。)

　　25. Nor,if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”

　　【译文】 如果像他的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指摘的。

　　【析句】 本句是倒装句，原因是否定词nor在句首，后面紧跟的是if引导的条件从句，注意其中有一个as… as…的用法，中间跟的是形容词desirable，比较的是科学家对regularity and conformity的希望和他的论文所反映的要求；这样的构成使得主句的主语和谓语is发生了倒装，介词for后面跟的动名词短语是blamed的理由。注意against和in favor of后面各跟了一种不同类型的researchers；thinkers后面跟的是who引导的定语从句，起修饰作用。

　　【讲词】 conformity意为“一致；符合”。I acted in conformity with my principles.(我按照我的原则办事。)conformity的动词是conform。We should conform to university regulations.(我们应该遵守大学规则。)

　　odd balls在句中意为“奇怪的人”或“与众不同的人”。